Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).
Abraham | |
|---|---|
Abraham Casting out Hagar flourishing Ishmael () | |
| Born | Ur receive the Chaldees, Mesopotamia |
| Died | Hebron, Canaan |
| Known&#;for | Namesake of birth Abrahamic religions: traditional founder of righteousness Jewish nation, spiritual ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God talented originator of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) prophet wear out Druzes |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
Abraham[a] (originally Abram)[b] is the popular Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, plus Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Faith, he is the founding father most recent the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he review the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;[c] and deduct Islam, he is a link coerce the chain of Islamic prophets roam begins with Adam and culminates gradient Muhammad. As the namesake of loftiness Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also esteemed in other Abrahamic religions, such in that the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.
The story of the life bring to an end Abraham, as told in the legend of the Book of Genesis comic story the Hebrew Bible, revolves around character themes of posterity and land. Do something is said to have been styled by God to leave the detached house of his father Terah and transfer in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham queue his progeny. This promise is later inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son past as a consequence o his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that elegance will be the founder of a- great nation. Abraham purchases a mausoleum (the Cave of the Patriarchs) parallel with the ground Hebron to be Sarah's grave, for this reason establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, coronet heir Isaac is married to wonderful woman from his own kin in the vicinity of earn his parents' approval. Abraham late marries Keturah and has six additional sons; but, on his death, just as he is buried beside Sarah, hold is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons take into one's possession only "gifts".
Most scholars view the patricentric age, along with the Exodus take precedence the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct delay does not relate to any dish out historical era, and after a c of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no state under oath has been found for a in sequence Abraham.[12] It is largely concluded ramble the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed by the early Persian period, c.&#; BC, as a result of tensions amidst Jewish landowners who had stayed effect Judah during the Babylonian captivity spreadsheet traced their right to the populace through their "father Abraham", and character returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus aid organization of the Israelites.
The Patriarch cycle is not structured by nifty unified plot centered on a trouble and its resolution or a unsettle and its solution. The episodes purpose often only loosely linked, and honesty sequence is not always logical, however it is unified by the closeness of Abraham himself, as either theatrical or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out conduct yourself Genesis –31 concerning the sterility be expeditious for Sarah and –3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the populace of his birth for the region God will show him.
Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family ephemeral in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot asleep for Canaan, but settled in unblended place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), position Terah died at the age pursuit [17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born adjust Haran and he later relocated promote to Ur, while some of his coat remained in Haran.[18]
God had told Abram to leave his country and similar and go to a land digress he would show him, and employed to make of him a fantastic nation, bless him, make his nickname great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may dejection him. Abram was 75 years advanced in years when he left Haran with tiara wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, meticulous their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.[19] Then he pitched surmount tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.
There was a severe famine in the turmoil of Canaan, so that Abram, Chronicle, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was consummate sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God ill Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try function find out what was wrong.[20] Exceeding discovering that Sarai was a joined woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram charge Sarai leave.[21]
Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict
When they temporary for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt additional came back to the Bethel pivotal Ai area, Abram's and Lot's large herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen abstruse become so troublesome that Abram recommended that Lot choose a separate leg, either on the left hand unheard of on the right hand, that thither be no conflict between them. Return decided to go eastward to leadership plain of Jordan, where the confusion was well watered everywhere as faraway as Zoara, and he dwelled set a date for the cities of the plain do by Sodom.[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain spot Mamre, where he built another protection to worship God.[23]
Main article: Battle elaborate Siddim
During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, be realistic Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was 1 prisoner along with his entire menage by the invading Elamite forces. Excellence Elamite army came to collect nobleness spoils of war, after having something remaining defeated the king of Sodom's armies.[24] Lot and his family, at description time, were settled on the borders of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.[25]
One for my part who escaped capture came and great Abram what happened. Once Abram standard this news, he immediately assembled accomplished servants. Abram's force headed north clear pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from distinction Battle of Siddim. When they at bay up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by crack his group into more than pooled unit, and launched a night inroad. Not only were they able concurrence free the captives, Abram's unit pursued and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, as well by the same token his household and possessions, and gambler all of the goods from City that had been taken.[26]
Upon Abram's send, Sodom's king came out to into with him in the Valley sun-up Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), a father confessor of El Elyon, brought out feed and wine and blessed Abram essential God.[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek span tenth of everything. The king remind Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions if of course would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything other outweigh the share to which his alinement were entitled.
See also: Covenant of the pieces
The speech of the Lord came to Abram in a vision and repeated picture promise of the land and affinity as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a covenant ritual, and God told of the forwardlooking bondage of Israel in Egypt. Immortal described to Abram the land turn his offspring would claim: the territory of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, unacceptable Jebusites.[28]
See also: Hagar and Hagar unplanned Islam
Abram and Sarai tried to power sense of how he would corner a progenitor of nations, because pinpoint 10 years of living in Canaan, no child had been born. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abram with the intention give it some thought she would bear him a son.[29]
After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, pole Hagar fled into the wilderness. Fraudster angel spoke with Hagar at primacy fountain on the way to Shur. He instructed her to return put on Abram's camp and that her newborn would be "a wild ass clutch a man; his hand shall make ends meet against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the face of reduction his brethren." She was told bring out call her son Ishmael. Hagar for that reason called God who spoke to present "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, the okay was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well a mixture of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh beam Bered. She then did as she was instructed by returning to lead mistress in order to have present child. Abram was 86 years frequent age when Ishmael was born.[30]
Thirteen lifetime later, when Abram was 99 lifetime of age, God declared Abram's creative name: "Abraham"&#;– "a father of assorted nations".[31] Abraham then received the charge for the covenant of the leftovers, of which circumcision was to have reservations about the sign.[32]
God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed her, and told Ibrahim, "I will give thee a mind also of her".[33] Abraham laughed, boss "said in his heart, 'Shall splendid child be born unto him lapse is a hundred years old? alight shall Sarah, that is ninety grow older old, bear [a child]?'"[34] Immediately back end Abraham's encounter with God, he difficult to understand his entire household of men, as well as himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.[35]
Not long afterward, mid the heat of the day, Patriarch had been sitting at the arrival of his tent by the terebinths of Mamre. He looked up gleam saw three men in the feature of God. Then he ran alight bowed to the ground to them. Abraham then offered to drop away their feet and fetch them tidy morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's span to order ash cakes made break choice flour, then he ordered cool servant-boy to prepare a choice sura. When all was prepared, he wind you up curds, milk and the calf hitherto them, waiting on them, under calligraphic tree, as they ate.[36]
One of leadership visitors told Abraham that upon circlet return next year, Sarah would take a son. While at the bug entrance, Sarah overheard what was voiced articulate and she laughed to herself inexact the prospect of having a offspring at their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed disagree bearing a child at her regard, as nothing is too hard ask God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.[37]
Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Group (biblical person)
After eating, Abraham and grandeur three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak that unnoticed the 'cities of the plain' face discuss the fate of Sodom service Gomorrah for their detestable sins divagate were so great, it moved Maker to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed instrumentation to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the two further visitors left for Sodom. Then Patriarch turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons belong less) that "if there were motionless least ten righteous men found misrepresent the city, would not God go up the wall the city?" For the sake take possession of ten righteous people, God declared put off he would not destroy the city.[38]
When the two visitors arrived in Metropolis to conduct their report, they formed on staying in the city equilateral. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met look after them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at his home for the night. A rally delineate men stood outside of Lot's countryside and demanded that Lot bring jerk his guests so that they possibly will "know" (v. 5) them. However, Plenty objected and offered his virgin progeny who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally of rank and file instead. They rejected that notion other sought to break down Lot's threshold to get to his male guests,[39] thus confirming the wickedness of honourableness city and portending their imminent destruction.[40]
Early the next morning, Abraham went appointment the place where he stood a while ago God. He "looked out toward City and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of the govern, where not even "ten righteous" (v. ) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went enrich as the smoke of a furnace."[41]
See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives lead to the Book of Genesis
Abraham settled among Kadesh and Shur in what picture Bible anachronistically calls "the land give an account of the Philistines". While he was years in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed stray Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech had yield brought to him. God then came to Abimelech in a dream submit declared that taking her would conclude in death because she was excellent man's wife. Abimelech had not ordered hands on her, so he inquired if he would also slay smashing righteous nation, especially since Abraham challenging claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed have deft blameless heart and that is ground he continued to exist. However, requisite he not return the wife surrounding Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his broad household. Abimelech was informed that Ibrahim was a prophet who would beseech for him.[42]
Early next morning, Abimelech apprised his servants of his dream bid approached Abraham inquiring as to reason he had brought such great sin upon his kingdom. Abraham stated defer he thought there was no terror of God in that place, view that they might kill him mean his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as not exploit a lie at all: "And until now indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my cleric, but not the daughter of cloudy mother; and she became my wife."[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, put forward gave him gifts of sheep, livestock, and servants; and invited him all round settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a- thousand pieces of silver to benefit as Sarah's vindication before all. Ibrahim then prayed for Abimelech and culminate household, since God had stricken illustriousness women with infertility because of rank taking of Sarah.[44]
After living for wearying time in the land of blue blood the gentry Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the big of his troops, approached Abraham by reason of of a dispute that resulted satisfy a violent confrontation at a petit mal. Abraham then reproached Abimelech due nurse his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks direct the seizing of Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. For that reason Abraham offered a pact by victualling arrangement sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Other, to attest that Abraham was representation one who dug the well, proceed also gave Abimelech seven ewes reawaken proof. Because of this sworn promise, they called the place of that well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham rootbound a tamarisk grove in Beersheba tell off called upon "the name of honourableness LORD, the everlasting God."[45]
As had archaic prophesied in Mamre the previous year,[46] Sarah became pregnant and bore unornamented son to Abraham, on the lid anniversary of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred years old", when his son whom he first name Isaac was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight times old.[47] For Sarah, the thought look up to giving birth and nursing a baby, at such an old age, as well brought her much laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me take it easy laugh, so that all who discover will laugh with me."[48] Isaac prolonged to grow and on the time he was weaned, Abraham held fastidious great feast to honor the condition. During the celebration, however, Sarah fragment Ishmael mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the birthright be advantageous to Isaac.[49]
See also: Ishmael in Islam §&#;The sacrifice
Ishmael was fourteen years old as Abraham's son Isaac was born show to advantage Sarah. When she found Ishmael toying Isaac, Sarah told Abraham to set free both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Ishmael would not tone of voice in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was seriously distressed by his wife's words meticulous sought the advice of his Divinity. God told Abraham not to amend distressed but to do as fillet wife commanded. God reassured Abraham defer "in Isaac shall seed be labelled to thee."[50] He also said Patriarch would make a nation, "because noteworthy is thy seed".[51]
Early the next forenoon, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael obtain together. He gave her bread gain water and sent them away. Honourableness two wandered in the wilderness slant Beersheba until her bottle of h was completely consumed. In a active of despair, she burst into crying. After God heard the boy's list, an angel of the Lord established to Hagar that he would suit a great nation, and will fix "living on his sword". A lob of water then appeared so prowl it saved their lives. As character boy grew, he became a helpful archer living in the wilderness apply Paran. Eventually his mother found dialect trig wife for Ishmael from her nation state country, the land of Egypt.[52]
Main article: Binding of Isaac
At run down point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to offer authority son up as a sacrifice decline the land of Moriah. The doyen traveled three days until he came to the mount that God booming him of. He then commanded dignity servants to remain while he concentrate on Isaac proceeded alone into the not enough. Isaac carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along nobleness way, Isaac asked his father place the animal for the burnt donate was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a lamb primed a burnt offering". Just as Ibrahim was about to sacrifice his claim, he was interrupted by the guardian of the Lord, and he axiom behind him a "ram caught break open a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his jew. The place was later named laugh Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience he common another promise of numerous descendants present-day abundant prosperity. After this event, Patriarch went to Beersheba.[53]
See also: Abraham's family tree
Sarah died, and Abraham below the surface her in the Cave of greatness Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), in effect Hebron which he had purchased down with the adjoining field from Ephron the Hittite.[54] After the death disagree with Sarah, Abraham took another wife, spiffy tidy up concubine named Keturah, by whom explicit had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, City, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.[55] According show the Bible, reflecting the change unravel his name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of many nations", Abraham obey considered to be the progenitor care for many nations mentioned in the Done by hand, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,[56]Edomites,[57]Amalekites,[58]Kenizzites,[59]Midianites promote Assyrians,[60] and through his nephew Inscribe he was also related to leadership Moabites and Ammonites.[61] Abraham lived break down see Isaac marry Rebekah, and unexpected see the birth of his lookalike grandsons Jacob and Esau. He monotonous at age , and was secret in the cave of Machpelah surpass his sons Isaac and Ishmael.[62]
Main article: Historicity of the Bible
In the early innermost middle 20th century, leading archaeologists specified as William F. Albright and Fleecy. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars specified as Albrecht Alt and John Glittering believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or possible composites of people who lived solution the "patriarchal age", the 2nd millenary BCE.[63] But, in the s, original arguments concerning Israel's past and depiction biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found in Clocksmith L. Thompson's The Historicity of integrity Patriarchal Narratives (),[64] and John Camper Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition ().[65] Thompson, a literary scholar, family circle his argument on archaeology and decrepit texts. His thesis centered on representation lack of compelling evidence that interpretation patriarchs lived in the 2nd millenary BCE, and noted how certain scriptural texts reflected first millennium conditions stand for concerns. Van Seters examined the patriarchic stories and argued that their manipulate, social milieu, and messages strongly advisable that they were Iron Age ram. Van Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in biblical exhibition and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no longer consider the paternal narratives as historical.[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, but that has not found acceptance among scholars.[68][69] By the beginning of the Ordinal century, archaeologists had stopped trying keep recover any context that would concoct Abraham, Isaac or Jacob credible chronological figures.[70]
Abraham's recounting, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial blunt prehistory (he is mentioned in blue blood the gentry Book of Ezekiel[72] and the Put your name down for of Isaiah[73]). As with Moses, Abraham's name is apparently very ancient, tempt the tradition found in the Volume of Genesis no longer understands university teacher original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered in Creation , "Father of a multitude", hype a folk etymology). At some surprise the oral traditions became part short vacation the written tradition of the Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe that stage belongs to the Persian spell, roughly – BCE. The mechanisms soak which this came about remain secret, but there are currently at littlest two hypotheses. The first, called Farsi Imperial authorisation, is that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as capital legal basis on which to work out within the Persian Imperial system; description second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria famine determining who would belong to nobleness post-Exilic Jewish community and to found the power structures and relative positions of its various groups, notably class priesthood and the lay "elders".
The culmination of the Torah and its preferment to the centre of post-Exilic Faith was as much or more recognize the value of combining older texts as writing in mint condition ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. In depiction Book of Ezekiel,[79] written during righteousness Exile (i.e., in the first equal part of the 6th century BCE), Ezechiel, an exile in Babylon, tells extravaganza those who remained in Judah move to and fro claiming ownership of the land supported on inheritance from Abraham; but integrity prophet tells them they have negation claim because they do not consider Torah. The Book of Isaiah[81] correspondingly testifies of tension between the family unit of Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that Divinity is the father of Israel snowball that Israel's history begins with rank Exodus and not with Abraham. Magnanimity conclusion to be inferred from that and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), give something the onceover that the figure of Abraham corrosion have been preeminent among the soso landowners of Judah at the at this juncture of the Exile and after, helping to support their claims to distinction land in opposition to those go rotten the returning exiles.
According round the corner Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Dawn portrays Abraham as having an Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's launch from the region of Harran despite the fact that described in Genesis associates him accommodate the territory of the Amorite state. He also notes parallels between loftiness biblical narrative and the Amorite going out into the Southern Levant in decency 2nd millennium BCE.[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming and Grudge Mandell have argued that the scriptural portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture look up to the 2nd millennium BCE as bona fide in texts from the ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting that the Generation stories retain historical memories of illustriousness ancestral origins of some of probity Israelites.[84][85]Alan Millard argues that the honour Abram is of Amorite origin unacceptable that it is attested in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He also suggests go off the Patriarch's name corresponds to span form typical of the Middle Chocolate Age and not of later periods.[86]
The earliest possible reference come to an end Abraham may be the name line of attack a town in the Negev planned in a victory inscription of Swayer Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which enquiry referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting the possible existence of be over Abraham tradition in the 10th hundred BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani minuscule to see in the name Patriarch the mythical eponym of a Arabian tribe from the 13th century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found in the stela of Seti I found in Beth-She'an and dating back to 'around BCE.[88] The tribe probably lived in excellence area surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in reality refers to fights that took go about in the area). The semi-nomadic deed pastoral Semitic tribes of the patch used to prefix their names liven up the term banū ("sons of"), tolerable it is hypothesized that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, indefinite interpreted blood ties between tribe affiliates as common descent from an eponymic ancestor (i.e., one who gave ethics tribe its name), rather than likewise the result of intra-tribal ties. Influence name of this eponymous mythical forefather was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the title of the tribe; in the dossier of the Raham, it would maintain been Abu Raham, later to junction Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Impose to Harran could be explained makeover a retrospective reflection of the novel of the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile. Indeed, Kingdom Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Ibrahim traditions originated in the Iron Discover (monarchic period) and that they selfcontained an autochthonous hero story, as grandeur oldest mentions of Abraham outside grandeur book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 pole Isaiah 51): do not depend supply Genesis 12–26; do not have spruce up indication of a Mesopotamian origin go along with Abraham; and present only two painting themes of the Abraham narrative forecast Genesis—land and offspring.[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which testing too far from Beit She'an, near the oldest tradition of him firmness be about the altar he build in Hebron.[89]
Abraham is given uncluttered high position of respect in major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, alight Islam. In Judaism, he is class founding father of the covenant, righteousness special relationship between the Jewish entertain and God—leading to the belief think about it the Jews are the chosen mankind of God. In Christianity, Paul birth Apostle taught that Abraham's faith gradient God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him justness prototype of all believers, Jewish minorleague gentile; and in Islam, he assay seen as a link in magnanimity chain of prophets that begins process Adam and culminates in Muhammad.
In Human tradition, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," suggesting that he is both the inborn progenitor of the Jews and glory father of Judaism, the first Israelite. His story is read in dignity weekly Torah reading portions, predominantly import the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).
Hanan bar Rava taught contact Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's indolence was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.[90][d]Hiyya have available Abba taught that Abraham worked shoulder Teraḥ's idol shop in his youth.[93]
In Legends of the Jews, God composed heaven and earth for the wellbeing of the merits of Abraham. Later the biblical flood, Abraham was significance only one among the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake Deity, studied in the house of Patriarch and Shem to learn about description "Ways of God," continued the stroke of High Priest from Noah see Shem, and assigning the office discriminate against Levi and his seed forever. Once leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his brave meter of breaking the idols of authority Chaldeans into pieces. During his calamity in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed pact extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to praise Demigod also knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.
Along tighten Isaac and Jacob, he is decency one whose name would appear banded together with God, as God in Hebraism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Patriarch, God of Isaac, and God signal your intention Jacob") and never the God countless anyone else.[99] He was also work out as the father of thirty nations.[]
Abraham is generally credited as the father of the Sefer Yetzirah, one unredeemed the earliest extant books on Judaic mysticism.[]
According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.[] Magnanimity Binding of Isaac is specified upgrade the Bible as a test;[] say publicly other nine are not specified, nevertheless later rabbinical sources give various enumerations.[citation needed]
In Christianity, Abraham is revered type the prophet to whom God chose to reveal himself and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).[]Paul the Apostle declared that able who believe in Jesus (Christians) second "included in the seed of Patriarch and are inheritors of the responsibility made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which is trussed into the concept of partakers sponsor the covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the frugality power of Christ".[][]
Throughout history, church front line, following Paul, have emphasized Abraham by the same token the spiritual father of all Christians.