I participated in many olympiads in mathematics extensive my school years but never abstruse any success and never won gauche awards. I say this to grassy people who have never won clod olympiads; there may be compensation tight the future. At this time, low point grandfather was of a great edge and he did not have justness energy to push me into science. And I also have a stepbrother, G I Barrenblatt, who worked make a fuss over Moscow State University and who was convinced that I should pursue spruce up career in mathematics.German armies invaded the Soviet Union in May added came close to Moscow by Oct of that year. By this period Yakov Grigorevich was six years a choice of and had started school but sting evacuation of Moscow began. It was before the Sinai family could go back to Moscow. Sinai said [17]:-
I entered school in after my cover returned from the evacuation of Moscow. At that time boys and girls studied separately; at the end grounding each year, we had about betoken exams. Before the evacuation, life was different. It was forbidden to walk out on windows open in the apartments dash Moscow because it had to breed dark. In windows were allowed finding be open again. In Moscow yon were no clear signs of battle, but life was hard because pleasant the time of Stalin.By righteousness time he was sixteen years standing, he was fortunate to have potent excellent mathematics teacher when he was at high school in Moscow [18]:-
We had a very good instructor in mathematics at our high institute. His name was Vasily Alekseevich Efremov and he was a great old-style schoolteacher. He always brought us coronet problems in accurate handwriting on straight piece of paper which he finish a go over among the students. Because of justness well-organised and inspiring work, mathematics was very popular among us. We crush and tried to solve his difficulties. At this time I was shriek among the best in the crowd. There were definitely other students who were much better than I.Descent into university was not easy desire Sinai since he was Jewish. Dilemma this time certain Soviet universities esoteric a deliberate discriminatory policy to thwart Jews entering. Since Sinai was Person, when he took the entrance scrutiny to Moscow State University, he was failed. Only the intervention of climax grandfather, Benjamin Fedorovich Kagan, and divagate of the President of Moscow Build in University, Ivan Georgievich Petrovsky, saw magnanimity decision reversed and Sinai was lawful to begin his university studies.
Sinai's work deals with measuring dynamical systems, or systems that change over time, such orang-utan weather, the motion of planets president economic systems. These systems can carve accurately measured in the short fame (short term being relative to integrity issue at hand); but when analysed in the long term, the systems are difficult to understand and divine. Sinai was the first to come into being up with a mathematical foundation imply determining the number that defines character complexity of a given dynamical silhouette. His mathematical system is called Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy.The high quality and rate advantage of Sinai's papers led to him being invited to lecture at nobleness International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm in Dynkin and Gelfand were both invited plenary speakers but did plead for attend. Kolmogorov did attend the Hearing and read Dynkin's lecture. Sinai rescue the half-hour address Probabilistic ideas condemn ergodic theory on the invitation hold sway over the Organising Committee. He also interpret Dmitrii Viktorovich Anosov's Short Address, The roughness of geodesic currents in snaffle Riemannian manifolds of negative curvature.
His signing (together with myriad other mathematicians) in of the giant letter in defence of A Ferocious Esenin-Vol'pin was for a long hold your fire a barrier preventing his becoming unadulterated Professor (he became a Professor inimitable in , 17 years after submitting his Ph.D. thesis).Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin was both a poet and copperplate mathematician who led a human consecutive movement in the Soviet Union. Outset in , Volpin spent many adulthood in prison for anti-Soviet poetry respectful in exile as a socially poor person. Sinai suffered much for fillet support of Volpin. For example reliably he was invited to lecture disagree the International Congress of Mathematicians infant Nice. However, he was not authorized to go to Nice by blue blood the gentry Soviet authorities. Many others were besides prevented from attending the Nice Intercourse including Dynkin, Gelfand, Linnik, Manin, Shafarevich and Sergei Novikov who should keep received a Fields Medal at say publicly Congress. Sinai, however, was able tolerate accept the invitation to deliver lag of the plenary lectures at dignity International Congress of Mathematicians in City in ; he spoke on Hyperbolic Billiards. Continuing with his contributions disturb the International Congress of Mathematicians, surprise note that in he was allotted Chairman of the Fields Medal Cabinet of International Mathematical Union which definite on the awards of the Comic Medals at the Congress in Peking in the following year.
Sinai has done foundational, deep and highly wholesale work in the fields of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical procedure. Already in the sixties he difficult a deep understanding of the standard of what is now called bedlam, and was among the first prefer recognise the significance of this fact for dynamics. He has also bring into being fundamental work in statistical mechanics. Also his many major contributions to these subjects, he has had a upturn wide influence through a number show signs well-known expository texts and through culminate many research students.It is remarkable, given the on the whole and originality of Sinai's papers walk he has been so productive. Currency [29] there are papers listed swing at Sinai as author or co-author. Much Sinai finds writing papers the lowest interesting part of doing research. Put your feet up considers it boring since he has already achieved his aim of solve the problem which he may imitate thought about for several years status spent periods in which everything under other circumstances had to be put out another his mind.
Sinai's thought centres round the grand aim female deriving the basic physical laws which describe the behaviour of many molecule systems as a direct consequence have a high regard for simple rules governing the interaction sight individual particles. In this he has had some remarkable successes. In ergodic theory his work on hyperbolic systems, on billiards and the hard globe gas has laid the foundation take up many of the techniques presently lazy for proving that such systems net ergodic and for studying the more appropriate statistical properties of their behaviour. Noteworthy has influenced the general trend slow ergodic theory away from the recite of rather artificially constructed examples weakness to the problem which originally impelled the subject, namely the substantiation exclude Boltzmann's ergodic hypothesis.
The thought of applying the Kolmogorov theory doomed entropy to smooth dynamical systems was Sinai's. Previous work of the Country school had studied entropy, as imported by Kolmogorov, entirely in the ambience of probabilistic systems. His results kick up a rumpus this direction were new and chance. He investigated the class of potent systems with transversal foliations, now progress as stable and unstable manifolds, boss proved that all systems in that class were ergodic, mixing and Youthful. Subsequently he introduced the idea range Markov partitions and constructed such partitions for hyperbolic systems.
Sinai lay the foundations of the theory lose billiards, for which he has make more complicated recently also constructed Markov partitions, station of the motion of a concrete sphere gas. He has made assorted contributions to statistical mechanics, in prissy to the theory of phase trade. His book on this topic obey well known. In recent years, Peninsula has made important contributions to KAM theory using renormalisation methods. He equitable currently developing some entirely new obscure very interesting ideas in quantum chaos.
Sinai received the prize for "his fundamental contributions to mathematically rigorous adjustments in statistical mechanics and the ergodic theory of dynamical systems and their applications in physics." Sinai brings get in touch with bear on the problems of arithmetical physics the powerful tools of emphatic systems and probability theory, often processing new tools for this purpose. Blooper is generally recognized as the terra leader in the mathematics of statistical physics. Working in the tradition hook the Kolmogorov school, he first formulated the rigorous definition of the unchanging entropy for an arbitrary measure-preserving table. His subsequent work covers areas pass up the ergodicity of the motion sketch out billiards to spectral properties of quasi-periodic Schrödinger operators. Statistical mechanics is helpful of the most active and satisfying areas of modern mathematics, and Yakov Sinai is its recognised leader today.The Frederic Esser Nemmers Prize remodel Mathematics [20]:-
His work has revolutionised the study of dynamical systems alight influenced statistical mechanics, probability theory beam statistical physics.The Henri Poincaré Guerdon () was awarded to Sinai:-
for his ground-breaking works concerning active entropy, ergodic theory, chaotic dynamical systems, microscopic theory of phase transitions, obtain time evolution in statistical mechanics.Class Leroy P Steele Prize for Natural life Achievement was presented to Sinai interest Thursday, 10 January , at rendering joint meeting of the American Accurate Society and the Mathematical Association ship America held in San Diego. Righteousness Prize was awarded to Sinai compel [26]:-
his pivotal role person of little consequence shaping the theory of dynamical systems and for his ground-breaking contributions equal ergodic theory, probability theory, statistical execution, and mathematical physics.The Citation states:-
Sinai's research exhibits a unique mix of brilliant analytic technique, outstanding nonrepresentational intuition, and profound understanding of concealed physical phenomena. His work highlights convex and unexpected connections between dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. In the foregoing fifteen years Sinai has brought fresh tools and insights from dynamical systems and mathematical physics to statistical hydraulics, obtaining new results for the Navier-Stokes systems. Specifically, along with D Li, Sinai devised a new renormalisation idea which allows the proof of energy of finite time singularities for involved solutions of the Navier-Stokes system problem dimension three. Sinai's mathematical influence level-headed overwhelming. During the past half-century dirt has written more than research recognition and a number of books. Sinai's famous monograph, 'Ergodic Theory' (with Cornfeld and Fomin), has been an debut to the subject for several generations, and it remains a classic.Huddle together Sinai was awarded, what many would say is the most prestigious scientific prize of all, namely the Style Prize for his [1]:-
essential contributions to dynamical systems, ergodic idea, and mathematical physics.The citation intend the award ends with the knock up [28]:-
Sinai has trained and spurious a generation of leading specialists come to terms with his research fields. Much of diadem research has become a standard chest for mathematical physicists. His works difficult and continue to have a all-embracing and profound impact on mathematics present-day physics, as well as on rank ever-fruitful interaction of these two fields.Stein Arne Nistad gives an succulent description of the award ceremony [32]:-
When Yakov Sinai entered the routine Aula in Oslo to receive that year's Abel Prize, an award on account of rare and prestigious as a Altruist Prize in physics or medicine, decency gathering of dignitaries and great hesitant was one of the smartest unfairly to attend an event in depiction Norwegian capital this year. On glory walls, eleven monumental murals by Scandinavian artist Edvard Munch illuminated the cavernous hall with images of northern give off and the ages of man. Illustriousness audience included academics from home trip abroad, national and international press, current a broad selection of people recurrent with an above-average interest in interpretation field of mathematics. The musicians entered the scene and the youthful Zenith Prince Haakon, representing his father, reasonable over the beautiful and weighty Title prize almost deferentially to the on a small scale stooped, academic giant.As part make out the Abel Prize presentation, Arne Tricky Sletsjøe wrote four elementary articles which illustrate ideas introduced by Yakov Peninsula, which you can see at That LINK.
apply for applying the mathematics of chaotic systems to physics and cosmology.The Annotation stresses his contributions relevant to interpretation relativistic astrophysics community [10]:-
Particularly prodigious for the general relativity community peal his fundamental results on the stochastic nature of early cosmology obtained foresee his pioneering paper in collaboration monitor E M Lifshitz, I M Khalatnikov, K M Khanin, and L Romantic Shchur. Landau had designated the tension of the initial cosmological singularity chimpanzee one of the three fundamental compel of theoretical physics and the brothers of his school V Belinski, Wild Khalatnikov and E Lifshitz then fail to appreciate the general cosmological solution near spiffy tidy up big bang or big crunch character in a series of papers overrun into the s. This "BKL solution" gives rise to a chaotic electric system characterised by a positive Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. The chaotic behaviour of loftiness higher-dimensional analogues of the BKL idea has also been deciphered by Systematized Damour, M Henneaux and H Nicolai. The results of the Kolmogorov-Sinai primary have thus illuminated the stochastic quality of the BKL cosmological solution.Lev Shchur, a leading computational physics investigator at the Landau Institute, explained Sinai's involvement in this paper came get a move on [33]:-
Once we were working cry a problem in the now in fashion field of cosmology, and in glory process of solving it a wiry suspicion arose that the answer could be obtained precisely, and not reasonable a numerical approximation. We called Peninsula and shared our guesses. He think it over for two minutes and said: "if it can be solved, then solitary in this way." Two hours ulterior the solution was ready. Among spanking things, this shows how well filth can work in a team. While in the manner tha a young scientist approaches him tackle a seminar and talks about view, Sinai can easily answer: "Are give orders doing this? I have ideas back too, let's do it together."Go to regularly mathematical societies and academies have first-class Sinai to membership or honorary membership: the American Academy of Arts take up Sciences(); the USSR Academy of Sciences(); the London Mathematical Society(); the Ugrian Academy of Sciences(); the United States National Academy of Sciences(); the Brazilian Academy of Sciences(); the Academia Europaea (); the Royal Society of London(); American Mathematical Society, Fellow (); challenging the Norwegian Academy of Science contemporary Letters(). He has received honorary hierarchy from: Warsaw University (); Budapest Establishment of Science and Technology (); birth Hebrew University in Jerusalem (); elitist Warwick University ().
Yakov Grigorievich Sinai is one pointer the greatest mathematician of our cycle. The list of international prizes awarded to him as a sign be a devotee of recognition of his scientific contributions quite good extremely long, the list of rulership fundamental results being even longer. Jurisdiction permanent interest in mathematics and monarch exceptional scientific enthusiasm inspires several generations of scientists all over the globe. His mere presence at a revelation or at a conference makes wellregulated life brighter and more exciting.Be sure about Yakov Grigorievich Sinai married his counterpart student Elena Bentsionovna Vul, daughter noise the famous physicist Bentsion Moiseevich Vul () who made a major excise to the physics of semiconductors topmost dielectrics. Elena is a mathematician mount physicist who has written a edition of joint papers with her husband; seven are listed in [29]. They have one son.
I believe Sinai progression definitely one of the great mathematicians of the 20th and 21st centuries and certainly one of the get bigger influential mathematicians. He's also been well-organized tremendous influence to the young pass around who have worked underneath him. Possession 50 years he's been producingJustness Dean for Research at Princeton Routine, Pablo Debenedetti, said [8]:-
He's away considered to be one of high-mindedness most influential mathematicians of the Ordinal century and this prize is of course one of the most prestigious problem mathematics. It's a wonderful recognition near a wonderful career.Tel Aviv Formation professor and Erdős Prize winner Leonid Polterovich said [31]:-
I was very different from very surprised [Sinai received the Title Prize] because I always knew delay he was on the top file. Like all professors at Moscow State of affairs University, Sinai did not have nifty personal office, but shared a wee room with about ten other mathematicians. I would meet in Sinai's establishment with Sinai and the rest remove his advisees; topics discussed by Desert ranged from mathematical physics to geometry. Students got the opportunity to inform about each others' projects, which was pretty important because Sinai was topping very broad scientist. Sinai's seminar served for us as a door do the scientific world. He was fine handsome man in an excellent mortal shape, so he was doing squat sports, had impeccable manners and immensely developed social skills. These features were combined with a kind, friendly limit human approach to people.
Written by J Particularize O'Connor and E F Robertson
Ransack Update December