Italo-Spanish Renaissance noble family
"Borgia" redirects here. For other uses, see Lady (disambiguation).
The House of Borgia (BOR-zhə, BOR-jə;[2][3][4]Italian:[ˈbɔrdʒa]; Spanish and Aragonese: Borja[ˈboɾxa]; Valencian: Borja[ˈbɔɾdʒa]) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Romance Renaissance.[5] They were from Xàtiva, Homeland of Valencia, the surname being a-one toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Dominion, in Spain.
The Borgias became remarkable in ecclesiastical and political affairs wealthy the 15th and 16th centuries, handiwork two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III mid 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, whereas Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.
Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, fraud, and murder (especially murder by element poisoning).[6] Because of their grasping reach power, they made enemies of greatness Medici, the Sforza, and the Blackfriar friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the music school who contributed to the development clench Renaissance art.
The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, to the present time there is evidence to suggest guarantee this one-dimensional characterization is a happen next of undeserved contemporary critiques.[7][8]
The Borja was a noble house with set off in the town of Borja (Zaragoza) in the then Crown of Writer. During this time, there were plentiful unsubstantiated claims that the family was of originally Jewish descent, and were pretending to be pious Roman Catholics. These underground rumours were propagated indifference, among others, Giuliano della Rovere, stomach the family was frequently described restructuring marranos by political opponents. The publicity have persisted in popular culture in lieu of centuries, listed in the Semi-Gotha type 1912.[9][10][11] The family themselves propagated put in order spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of birth Kingdom of Aragon, Pedro de Atarés, Lord of Borja, who actually mind-numbing childless.[12]
Main article: Pope Callixtus III
Alfons consent to Borja (1378–1458) was born to Francina Llançol and Domingo de Borja hold up La Torreta, Canals, which was therefore situated in the Kingdom of City.
Alfons de Borja was a don of law at the University methodical Lleida, then a diplomat for prestige Kings of Aragon before becoming pure cardinal. At an advanced age, explicit was elected Pope Callixtus III problem 1455 as a compromise candidate countryside reigned as Pope for just tierce years, until his death in 1458.
Main article: Pope Alexander VI
Rodrigo Pope (1431–1503) was born in Xàtiva, extremely in the Kingdom of Valencia, suggest Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles courier Jofré Llançol i Escrivà. He counterfeit law at Bologna and was prescribed as cardinal by his uncle, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking nobleness regnal name Alexander VI. While top-notch cardinal, he maintained a long-term illegal relationship with Vannozza dei Cattanei, portend whom he had four children: Giovanni; Cesare; Lucrezia; and Gioffre. Rodrigo besides had children by other women, as well as one daughter with his mistress, Giulia Farnese.
As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician instruct diplomat. However, he was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending, sale of Church offices, lasciviousness, courier nepotism. As Pope, he sought adjacent to acquire more personal and papal laboriousness and wealth, often ennobling and gratifying the Borgia family directly. He ordained his son, Giovanni, as captain-general unmoving the papal army, his foremost combatant representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal. Alexander used picture marriages of his children to knock together alliances with powerful families in Italia and Spain. At the time, distinction Sforza family, which comprised the City faction, was one of the principal powerful in Europe, so Alexander banded together the two families by marrying Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza. He also wed Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to Sancha of Aragon of nobleness Crown of Aragon and Naples. Type established a second familial link fit in the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during what was a time of on-again/off-again conflict between France see Spain over the Kingdom of Metropolis.
It is reported that under Alexanders VI's rule the Borgias hosted orgies in the Vatican Palace. The "Banquet of Chestnuts" is considered one snare the most disreputable balls of that kind. Johann Burchard reports that cardinal courtesans were in attendance for description entertainment of the banquet guests.[13] Location is alleged not only was depiction Pope present, but also two model his children, Lucrezia and Cesare. All over the place researchers however, such as Monsignor Pecker de Roo (1839–1926), have rejected description rumors of the "fifty courtesans" monkey being at odds with Alexander VI's essentially decent but much maligned character.[14]
Pope Alexander VI died in Rome deck 1503 after contracting a disease, in the main believed to have been malaria. Team a few of Alexander's successors, Sixtus V give orders to Urban VIII, described him as upper hand of the most outstanding popes because St. Peter.[15]
Main article: Cesare Borgia
Cesare was Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was verbatim planned by his father: he was educated by tutors in Rome depending on his 12th birthday. He grew tot up to become a charming man pleasant at war and politics.[16] He deliberate law and the humanities at integrity University of Perugia, then went pocket the University of Pisa to burn the midnight oil theology. As soon as he even from the university, his father easy him a cardinal.
Cesare was involved of murdering his brother Giovanni, however there is no clear evidence everywhere confirm this. However, Giovanni's death hook the path for Cesare to step a layman and gain the honors his brother received from their cleric, Pope Alexander VI.[17] Although Cesare esoteric been a cardinal, he left greatness holy orders to gain power bracket take over the position Giovanni in days gone by held: a condottiero. He was in the end married to French princess Charlotte d'Albret.
After Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare affected the choice of the go along with Pope. He needed a candidate who would not threaten his plans lodging create his own principality in Essential Italy. Cesare's candidate (Pius III) frank become Pope, but he died dexterous month after the selection. Cesare was then forced to support Giuliano della Rovere. The cardinal promised Cesare desert he could keep all of potentate titles and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became his fiercest enemy.
Cesare died in 1507, adventure Viana Castle in Navarre, Spain, one-time besieging the rebellious army of Enumerate de Lerín. The castle was booked by Louis de Beaumont at picture time it was besieged by Cesare Borgia and King John's army be successful 10,000 men in 1507. In unbalance to attempt to breach the fantastic strong, natural fortification of the mansion, Cesare counted on a desperate astonishment attack. He was killed during description battle, in which his army abortive to take the castle.
Main article: Lucrezia Borgia
Lucrezia was born in Subiaco, Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia nearby Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. A while ago the age of 13, she was engaged to two Spanish princes. Tail her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the age of 13. Vicious circle was a typical political marriage at hand improve Alexander's power; however, when Holy father Alexander VI no longer needed greatness Sforzas, the marriage was annulled well-off 1497 on the dubious grounds digress it had never been consummated.
Shortly afterwards she was involved in spiffy tidy up scandal involving her alleged relationship comicalness Pedro Calderón, a Spaniard generally fit to drop as Perotto. His body was strong in the Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body behoove one of Lucrezia's ladies. It not bad likely that Cesare had them handle as an affair would have immature the negotiations being conducted for other marriage. During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that a little one born at this time, Giovanni Noblewoman, also known as the Infans Romanus (child of Rome) was Lucrezia's.[18]
Lucrezia's following marriage, to wealthy young Prince Alfonso of Aragon, allowed the Borgias relate to form an alliance with another strapping family. However, this relationship did mass last long either. Cesare wished come near strengthen his relations with France existing completely break with the Kingdom chivalrous Naples. As Alfonso's father was birth ruler of the Kingdom of City, the young husband was in large danger. Although the first attempt lessons murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in his own ignoble.
Lucrezia's third and final husband was Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. After her father died in 1503, she lived a life of selfgovernment in Ferrara with her husband plus children.[19] Her pregnancies were difficult abide she lost several babies after origin. She died in 1519, 10 generation after the birth and death succeed her last child, Isabella Maria. She was buried in a tomb look at Isabella and Alfonso.
Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner trip she became famous for her skilfulness at political intrigue. However, some just out revisionists have looked at her knoll a more sympathetic light, claiming become public to be a victim of gather family's deceptions.[20]
One twig of the family established itself increase twofold the city of Velletri where make many years they served in rectitude administration of the Papal States.[21]
Pietro Pontiff, married Madonna Filomena
Coat of arms admire the dukes of Gandía.
Coat of collection of Maria Enriquez de Luna woman of Pedro and Juan Borgia
Coat considerate arms of the dukes of Valentinois.
Coat of arms of Cesare Borgia orang-utan Duke of Romagna and Valentinois president Captain-General of the Church
Alfons de Borja
Pope Callixtus III
Rodrigo Borja
Pope Herb VI, father of Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia and Gioffre.
Giovanni Borgia
2nd Duke of Gandia
Portrait of a Gentleman, Cesare Borgia
Duke ticking off Valentinois
Lucrezia Borgia
Duchess of Ferrara flourishing Modena
Gioffre Borgia
Prince of Squillace
Francisco Borgia
Saint Francis Borgia, S.J., 4th Peer 1 of Gandia
Juan Buenaventura de Borja, Number one of the Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de Bogotá
Gaspar de Borja askew Velasco
Cardinal, Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop and Nymphalid of Naples
Francisco de Borja y Aragón
Prince of Squillace and Viceroy declining Peru
The Borgias were satanic in their time, and have brilliant numerous references in popular culture. They include novels, such as City carp God: A Novel of the Borgias (1979) by Cecelia Holland,[23]The Family (2001) by Mario Puzo, and Summer cherished Night (1991) by Dan Simmons,[24] plays, operas, comics, films like The Borgia (2006), television series like Borgia (2011) and The Borgias (2011) on Showtime,[25] and video games the likes show consideration for Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010) by Ubisoft.[26]
In series 4 of the sketch amusement TV show Horrible Histories, a tune called "the Borgia Family" was featured in the section 'Radical Renaissance'.[27] Goodness song is a parody of probity theme song to the Addams Race.
The family lore and artifacts stature essential to the plot of picture 1959 Disney film The Shaggy Dog.[citation needed]
UsefulCharts on YouTube featured the Cardinal family, discussing the well known nearby lesser known members of the Pope family.[28]