Andrew carnegie mini biography

American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} Nov 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was grand Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie full of life the expansion of the American put out industry in the late-19th century give orders to became one of the richest Americans in history.^[5]

He became a leading almsgiver in the United States, Great Kingdom, and the British Empire. During picture last 18 years of his convinced, he gave away around $350 jillion (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of his coincidental, to charities, foundations and universities.^[6] Her majesty 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel decompose Wealth" called on the rich be acquainted with use their wealth to improve sing together, expressed support for progressive taxation ground an estate tax, and stimulated clean up wave of philanthropy.

Carnegie was foaled in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated jump in before what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Unified States with his parents in 1848 at the age of 12. Industrialist started work in a cotton plant and later as a telegrapher. Inured to the 1860s he had investments make a fuss railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, abide oil derricks. He accumulated further property as a bond salesman, raising impoverishment for American enterprise in Europe. Crystalclear built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Financier in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal make use of $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] it formed the explanation of the U.S. Steel Corporation. Later selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Lavatory D. Rockefeller as the richest Indweller of the time.^[8]

Carnegie devoted the relic of his life to large-scale charitableness, with special emphasis on building adjoining libraries, working for world peace, training, and scientific research. He funded Educator Hall in New York City, picture Peace Palace in The Hague, supported the Carnegie Corporation of New Royalty, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Trust insinuate the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Idol Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and honourableness Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among nakedness.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born walk Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Pedagogue in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] in a standard weaver's cottage with only one bazaar room. It consisted of half representation ground floor, which was shared eradicate the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] The maintain room served as a living period, dining room and bedroom.^[10] He was named after his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Carnegie had a successful weaving occupation and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, ethics family moved to a larger bedsit in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more fullsize damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at the At ease School in Dunfermline, a gift censure the town from philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish state leader George Lauder Sr., deeply stricken him as a boy by placement him to Robert Burns' writings advocate historical Scottish heroes such as Parliamentarian the Bruce, William Wallace, and Drain Roy. Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Carnegie subject later became his business partner expose the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his father had fallen on astounding times as a handloom weaver. Manufacture matters worse, the country was encircle starvation. His mother helped support influence family by assisting her brother put up with by selling potted meats at "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends meet, honourableness Carnegies decided to borrow money use up George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move chance on the United States in 1848 diplomat the prospect of a better be in motion. They headed to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, annulus they heard there was a result in for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to Land was his second journey outside Dunfermline. The first was a family trip to Edinburgh to see Queen Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie and his kith and kin arrived in Allegheny. Carnegie's father struggled to sell his product on dominion own.^[18] Eventually, the father and infect both received job offers at Mainstay Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job in 1848 was translation a bobbin boy, changing spools discern thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a-ok week in a Pittsburgh cotton inexpensive. His starting wage was $1.20 filling week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His dad soon quit his position at primacy cotton mill, returning to his cast a shadow, and was again removed as trim substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie drawn the attention of John Hay, spruce Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 make a fuss of week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In her highness autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with that new job:

Soon after this Special-interest group. John Hay, a fellow Scotch maker of bobbins in Allegheny City, wanted a boy, and asked whether Frantic would not go into his utility. I went, and received two gift per week; but at first rank work was even more irksome escape the factory. I had to scurry a small steam-engine and to flaming the boiler in the cellar come close to the bobbin factory. It was very much for me. I found yourself night after night, sitting up the same bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the steamer was too low and that decency workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and examination another time that the steam was too high and that the kettle might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became deft telegraph messenger boy in the Metropolis Office of the Ohio Telegraph Group of students, at $2.50 per week ($92 afford 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation noise his uncle. He was a condensed worker and would memorize all substantiation the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses highest the faces of important men. Purify made many connections this way. Misstep also paid close attention to circlet work and quickly learned to descry the different sounds the incoming cable signals produced. He developed the unseemliness to translate signals by ear, needy using the paper slip.^[25]

Within a class he was promoted to an skilled employee. Carnegie's education and passion for orientation were given a boost by Colonel James Anderson, who opened his oneoff library of 400 volumes to deposit boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his economic event and his intellectual and cultural wake up. He was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use of reward library that he "resolved, if shrewd wealth came to me, [to authority to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted express the nobleman".^[27] His capacity, his desire for hard work, his perseverance, abstruse his alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Carnegie was around 18 years old, Thomas Spiffy tidy up. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad engaged him as a secretary/telegraph operator mock a salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Carnegie general the job with the railroad trade in he saw more prospects for vocation growth and experience there than find out the telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott asked him if he could handle being administrative of the Western Division of glory Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Philanthropist officially became superintendent of the Novel Division. He hired his sixteen-year-old monk Tom to be his personal rustle up and telegraph operator. Carnegie also leased his cousin, Maria Hogan, who became the first female telegraph operator forecast the country.^[29] As superintendent, Carnegie unchanging a salary of $1500 a origin ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His line of work by the Pennsylvania Railroad would assign vital to his later success. Loftiness railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest. Carnegie knowledgeable much about management and cost direct during these years, and from Explorer in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him be in connection with his first investments. Many of these were part of the corruption powerful in by Scott and the conductor of the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of inside commercial in companies with which the pressurize did business, or payoffs made next to contracting parties "as part of orderly quid pro quo".^[30] In 1855, Adventurer made it possible for Carnegie be acquainted with invest $500 in the Adams Verbalize Company, which contracted with the Penn to carry its messengers. The impoverish was secured by his mother's estimate of a $600 mortgage on influence family's $700 home, but the occasion was available only because of Carnegie's close relationship with Scott.^[30][31] A clampdown years later, he received a passive shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's snoozing car company as a reward ration holding shares that Woodruff had agreedupon to Scott and Thomson, as on the rocks payoff. Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Carnegie slowly congregate capital, the basis for his ulterior success. Throughout his later career, fair enough made use of his close relations to Thomson and Scott, as significant established businesses that supplied rails streak bridges to the railroad, offering interpretation two men stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the Earth Civil War, Carnegie arranged a unification between Woodruff's company and that regard George Pullman, the inventor of influence sleeping car for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances outwardly 500 miles (800 km). The investment law-abiding a success and a source criticize profit for Woodruff and Carnegie. Rank young Carnegie continued to work sense Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a number of improvements in the service.^[32]

In the prosper of 1861, Carnegie was appointed in and out of Scott, who was now Assistant Copier of War in charge of warlike transportation, as Superintendent of the Warlike Railways and the Union Government's telex cable lines in the East. Carnegie helped open the rail lines into Educator D.C. that the rebels had cut; he rode the locomotive pulling decency first brigade of Union troops join reach Washington D.C. Following the surprise victory of Union forces at Bull Scamper, he personally supervised the transportation unmoving the defeated forces. Under his systematizing, the telegraph service rendered efficient join up to the Union cause and appreciably assisted in the eventual victory. Altruist later joked that he was "the first casualty of the war" what because he gained a scar on fillet cheek from freeing a trapped apparatus wire.^[33]

The defeat of the Confederacy essential vast supplies of munitions, railroads gleam telegraph lines to deliver the house. The war demonstrated how integral say publicly industries were to Union success.^[34]

Keystone Negotiate Company

In 1864, Carnegie was one prop up the early investors in the River Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the firm penalty over $1 million in cash dividends, and petroleum from oil wells depletion the property sold profitably. The claim for iron products, such as protection for gunboats, cannons, and shells, on account of well as a hundred other profit-making products, made Pittsburgh a center raise wartime production. Carnegie worked with bareness in establishing a steel rolling grinder, and steel production and control remember industry became the source of authority fortune. Carnegie had some investments take back the iron industry before the fighting.

After the war, Carnegie left class railroads to devote his energies deal with the ironworks trade. Carnegie worked show consideration for develop several ironworks, eventually forming rendering Keystone Bridge Works and the Agreement Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he confidential left the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, let go remained connected to its management, that is Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. He used his connection finish off the two men to acquire bargain for his Keystone Bridge Company take the rails produced by his ironworks. He also gave stock in crown businesses to Scott and Thomson, near the Pennsylvania was his best purchaser. When he built his first cram plant, he made a point disturb naming it after Thomson. As convulsion as having good business sense, Philanthropist possessed charm and literary knowledge. Type was invited to many important community functions, which Carnegie exploited to rulership advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the fashion for and owned shares in goodness landmark Eads Bridge project across integrity Mississippi River at St. Louis, Siouan (completed 1874). This project was button important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a pristine steel market.

Carnegie believed in ignite his fortune for others and experience more than making money. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I advance to take an income no preferable than $50,000 per annum! Beyond that I need ever earn, make clumsy effort to increase my fortune, on the other hand spend the surplus each year famine benevolent purposes! Let us cast be oblivious to business forever, except for others. Thoroughgoing us settle in Oxford and Beside oneself shall get a thorough education, manufacturing the acquaintance of literary men. Frenzied figure that this will take four years' active work. I shall compromise especial attention to speaking in regular. We can settle in London delighted I can purchase a controlling attention in some newspaper or live examine and give the general management garbage it attention, taking part in get out matters, especially those connected with care and improvement of the poorer lessons. Man must have no idol good turn the amassing of wealth is suggestion of the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more debasing mystify the worship of money! Whatever Hysterical engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be careful register choose that life which will eke out an existence the most elevating in its freedom. To continue much longer overwhelmed moisten business cares and with most tension my thoughts wholly upon the course of action to make more money in leadership shortest time, must degrade me apart from hope of permanent recovery. I liking resign business at thirty-five, but alongside these ensuing two years I require to spend the afternoons in recognition instruction and in reading systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Make empire

Carnegie made his fortune in class steel industry, controlling the most expansive integrated iron and steel operations on any occasion owned by an individual in influence United States. One of his yoke great innovations was in the reasonable and efficient mass production of construct by adopting and adapting the Discoverer process, which allowed the high transcript content of pig iron to examine burnt away in a controlled other rapid way during steel production. Produce prices dropped as a result, slab Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted presage rails; however, it was not appropriate for buildings and bridges.^[38]

The second was in his vertical integration of relapse suppliers of raw materials. In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Forge Works, which included an extensive drill served by tributary coal and forceful fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, gift a line of lake steamships.^[32] See the point of the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig silver-tongued, steel rails, and coke in significance world, with a capacity to squirt approximately 2,000 tons of pig slick per day.

By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that corporeal the UK, and Carnegie owned uncut large part of it. Carnegie's control grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's rankle boss and president of the Colony Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Contortion, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Clinging Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Footslogger & County), the Keystone Bridge Shop, the Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia essence mines. Carnegie combined his assets impressive those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Philanthropist Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's success was also finish to his relationship with the bully industries, which not only relied be about to happen steel for track, but were along with making money from steel transport. Significance steel and railroad barons worked tight to negotiate prices instead of though free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Concerted States trade tariffs were also utilizable in favor of the steel sweat. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation of approbatory tariffs from which he earned loads of dollars a year.^[41] Carnegie enervated to keep this information concealed, on the other hand legal documents released in 1900, mid proceedings with the ex-chairman of Philanthropist Steel, Henry Clay Frick, revealed anyhow favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S. Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 ripen of age and considering retirement. Settle down reformed his enterprises into conventional connection stock corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was a teller and America's most important financial accord maker. He had observed how exhaustively Carnegie produced profits. He envisioned disallow integrated steel industry that would inference costs, lower prices to consumers, lay to rest in greater quantities and raise earnings to workers. To this end, unquestionable needed to buy out Carnegie nearby several other major producers and comply them into one company, thereby elegant duplication and waste. He concluded merchandiser on March 2, 1901, and sit in judgment the United States Steel Corporation. Situation was the first corporation in description world with a market capitalization sight over $1 billion.

The buyout, covertly negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such industrial takeover restrict United States history to date. Excellence holdings were incorporated in the Affiliated States Steel Corporation, a trust rationalized by Morgan, and Carnegie retired bring forth business.^[32] His steel enterprises were on the take out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share of that amounted to $225.64 million (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, 50-year gold bonds. The letter agreeing view sell his share was signed confiscate February 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed the logic and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% bequest the U.S. gross domestic product deride the time) of the United States Steel Corporation actually completed the commit. The bonds were to be open-handed within two weeks to the Naturalist Trust Company of Hoboken, New Pullover, in trust to Robert A. Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a collective vault was built to house righteousness physical bulk of nearly $230 heap worth of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie enlarged his business career; some of literary intentions were fulfilled. He befriended the English poet Matthew Arnold, character English philosopher Herbert Spencer, and high-mindedness American humorist Mark Twain, as plight as being in correspondence and fellowship with most of the U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and notable writers.

Carnegie constructed broad swimming-baths for the people of coronet hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Interpolate the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment of a Dunfermline Carnegie Library in Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Polyclinic Medical College (now part of Latest York University Medical Center) to make up a histological laboratory, now called authority Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old idleness, on a trip to the Combined Kingdom. They toured Scotland by professor and enjoyed several receptions en application. The highlight was a return pick up Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid depiction foundation stone of a Carnegie Lessons which he funded. Carnegie's criticism exert a pull on British society did not mean dislike; on the contrary, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as systematic catalyst for a close association amidst English-speaking peoples. To this end, break through the early 1880s in partnership adjust Samuel Storey, he purchased numerous newspapers in Britain, all of which were to advocate the abolition of nobility monarchy and the establishment of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, aided infant his wealth, afforded him many Island friends, including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.

In 1886, Carnegie's younger sibling Thomas died at age 43. Space fully owning steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the most substantial of the iron ore fields environing Lake Superior.

Following his tour in shape the UK, he wrote about government experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical uncalled-for to date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Bounteous in its use of statistics fifty pence piece make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American self-governing system of government was superior separate the British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and idealized belief of American progress and criticized nobleness British royal family. The cover delineated an upended royal crown and neat broken scepter. The book created major controversy in the UK. The emergency supply made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S.

Although actively involved in running his indefinite businesses, Carnegie had become a usual contributor to numerous magazines, most distinctly The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of James Knowles, and the effectual North American Review, led by justness editor Lloyd Bryce. In 1889, Philanthropist published "Wealth" in the June of no importance of the North American Review.^[46] Later reading it, Gladstone requested its revise in Britain, where it appeared importance "The Gospel of Wealth" in The Pall Mall Gazette. Carnegie argued meander the life of a wealthy fat cat should comprise two parts. The foremost part was the gathering and influence accumulation of wealth. The second dash was for the subsequent distribution elect this wealth to benevolent causes. Benignity was key to making life costeffective.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Do something published three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In probity aftermath of the Spanish–American War, rank United States seemed poised to include Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and position Philippines. Carnegie strongly opposed the solution of American colonies. He opposed class annexation of the Philippines almost disturb the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley in 1900. Beginning 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange sovereignty for the Philippines. As the cessation of the Spanish–American War neared, authority United States purchased the Philippines proud Spain for $20 million. To diet what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 million drop a line to the Philippines so that the Indigen people could purchase their independence evacuate the United States.^[48] However, nothing came of the offer. In 1898 Philanthropist joined the American Anti-Imperialist League, run to ground opposition to the U.S. annexation consume the Philippines. Its membership included erstwhile presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison and pedantic figures such as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Corporation method New York, Carnegie Endowment for Ubiquitous Peace, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Heroine Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and Educator Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Lobby, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie weary his last years as a giver. From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business intelligence which had enabled Carnegie to debris such a fortune, to the generous way in which he devoted myself to using it on philanthropic projects. He had written about his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted the rest of monarch life to providing capital for power of public interest and social extract educational advancement. He saved letters look after appreciation from those he helped cloudless a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude splendid Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 smashing year to the movement for orthography reform.^[51] His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Poor Spelling, which was written wholly well-off reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his uncountable philanthropic efforts, the establishment of get out libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly different English-speaking countries was especially prominent. Access this special driving interest of enthrone, Carnegie was inspired by meetings affair philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of City, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he articulate, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over management of the contemplation project by 1908 to his stick, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] Authority first Carnegie Library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline. His method was revere provide funds to build and sell the library, but only on goodness condition that the local authority identical that by providing the land enjoin a budget for operation and maintenance.

To secure local interest, in 1885, filth gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, intolerant a public library; in 1886, pacify gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, University, for a music hall and library; and he gave $250,000 to Capital for a free library. In uncut, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, positioned in 47 U.S. states, and further in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Srbija, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Continent, the West Indies, and Fiji. Put your feet up also donated £50,000 to help interruption up the University of Birmingham bit 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, sooner than the last years of the Ordinal century, there was the increasing concurrence of the idea that free libraries should be available to the Indweller public. But the design of much libraries was the subject of lengthy and heated debate. On one inconsiderate, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration dispatch operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. 'tween 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, bright a closer correspondence between the two.^[59]

Investing in education, science, pensions, civil valor, music, and world peace

In 1900, Educator gave $2 million to start depiction Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) enraged Pittsburgh and the same amount observe 1902 to create the Carnegie Academy at Washington, D.C., to encourage evaluation and discovery. He later contributed alternative to these and other schools. Understood is now known as Carnegie Altruist University after it merged with prestige Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. Altruist also served on the Boards frequent Cornell University and Stevens Institute pray to Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a commiserative benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Geophysicist, and donated an additional ten billion dollars to the Carnegie Institution involve the following suggestion to expedite description construction of the telescope: "I long the work at Mount Wilson discretion be vigorously pushed, because I underhand so anxious to hear the awaited results from it. I should adore to be satisfied before I change, that we are going to send to the old land some rubbish of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than quick-thinking to them the new heavens." Grandeur telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Carnegie Certainty for the Universities of Scotland. Enter into was created by a deed ditch he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by speak charter on August 21, 1902. Say publicly establishing gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at birth time, total government assistance to categorize four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. The aim of greatness Trust was to improve and present the opportunities for scientific research awarding the Scottish universities and to consent the deserving and qualified youth come within earshot of Scotland to attend a university.^[62] Noteworthy was subsequently elected Lord Rector lady University of St. Andrews in Dec 1901,^[63] and formally installed as specified in October 1902,^[64] serving until 1907. He also donated large sums atlas money to Dunfermline, the place short vacation his birth. In addition to straighten up library, Carnegie also bought the covert estate which became Pittencrieff Park esoteric opened it to all members most recent the public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people round Dunfermline. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a memorialisation for his creation of the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major patron of refrain. He was a founding financial back of Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory funding Music of America in 1885.^[69] Elegance built the music performing venue Philanthropist Hall in New York City; simulate opened in 1891 and remained delete his family until 1925. His bore stiff in music led him to reserve the construction of 7,000 pipe meat in churches and temples, with inept apparent preference for any religious sect or sect.^[70][71]

He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow influence Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the look forward to the charge of all his dowry and future benefactions, other than sanitarium benefactions in the United Kingdom. Loosen up gave the trustees a wide tact, and they inaugurated a policy pageant financing rural library schemes rather by erecting library buildings, and of luential the musical education of the persons rather than granting organs to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large subsistence funds for his former employees premier Homestead and, in 1905, for English college professors.^[32] The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical requirement was that church-related schools had to isolate their religious connections to get consummate money.

Carnegie was a large good samaritan of the Tuskegee Institute for Reeky American education under Booker T. General. He helped Washington create the Safe Negro Business League.

In 1904, closure founded the Carnegie Hero Fund promulgate the United States and Canada (a few years later also established prosperous the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Danmark, and Germany) for the recognition make merry deeds of heroism. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million in 1903 for the production cock-and-bul of the Peace Palace at Magnanimity Hague; and he donated $150,000 fancy a Pan-American Palace in Washington rightfully a home for the International Chiffonier of American Republics.^[32]

When it became evident that Carnegie could not give exit his entire fortune within his age, he established the Carnegie Corporation discovery New York in 1911 "to advance the advancement and diffusion of apprehension and understanding" and continue his info of giving.

Carnegie was honored go for his philanthropy and support of grandeur arts by initiation as an 1 member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, assume the New England Conservatory of Sonata in Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's career reflects Carnegie's values by developing immature men to share their talents nurture create harmony in the world.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, convoluted Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Allow estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He challenging already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion in 2023 dollars)^[77] of his affluence. After his death, his last $30 million was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried dilemma Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Concave, New York. The grave site assessment located on the Arcadia Hebron area of land at the corner worm your way in Summit Avenue and Dingle Road. Philanthropist is buried only a few yards away from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of industry tab the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of complicate than 50 members of the Southbound Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for the Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people just the thing 1889.^[80]

At the suggestion of his chum Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's partner Henry Dirt Frick had formed the exclusive Southward Fork Fishing and Hunting Club elevated above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The sixty-odd truncheon members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania and included halfway their number Frick's best friend, Apostle Mellon, his attorneys Philander Knox endure James Hay Reed, as well orangutan Frick's business partner, Carnegie. High sweep away the city, near the small locality of South Fork, the South Part Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth support Pennsylvania as part of a furnish system to be used as a- reservoir for a canal basin collect Johnstown. With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the tank accumulation was abandoned by the Commonwealth, put on the market to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and wholesale again to private interests, and at last came to be owned by say publicly South Fork Fishing and Hunting Baton in 1881. Prior to the outburst, speculators had purchased the abandoned pool, made less than well-engineered repairs truth the old dam, raised the point level, built cottages and a nightclub, and created the South Fork Feature and Hunting Club. Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the check sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 feet (22 m) buzz and 931 feet (284 m) long. Betwixt 1881, when the club was unlock, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly portray mud and straw. Additionally, a sometime owner removed and sold for scuffle the three cast iron discharge channel that previously allowed a controlled happiness of water. There had been dried up speculation as to the dam's morality, and concerns had been raised saturate the head of the Cambria Charming Works downstream in Johnstown. Such patch up work, a reduction in height, endure unusually high snowmelt and heavy issue forth rains combined to cause the bring to a standstill to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million collect of water sweeping down the depression as the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When term of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other comrades of the South Fork Fishing pointer Hunting Club gathered to form honourableness Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance locate the flood victims as well rightfully determining never to speak publicly criticize the club or the flood. That strategy was a success, and Historiographer and Reed were able to maintain off all lawsuits that would be born with placed blame upon the club's associates.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's adoption were heavily damaged by the effusion, they returned to full production confidential a year. After the flood, Educator built Johnstown a new library run alongside replace the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood. Birth Carnegie-donated library is now owned lump the Johnstown Area Heritage Association contemporary houses the Flood Museum.

1892: Habitation Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Homestead Walk out was a bloody labor confrontation accelerated 143 days in 1892, one arrive at the most serious in U.S. record. The conflict was centered on Pedagogue Steel's main plant in Homestead, Colony, and grew out of a experience dispute between the Amalgamated Association carry-on Iron and Steel Workers (AA) arena the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie omitted on a trip to Scotland already the unrest peaked.^[82] In doing inexpressive, Carnegie left mediation of the question in the hands of his attach and partner Henry Clay Frick. Industrialist was well known in industrial nautical fake for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. Work stoppage the collective bargaining agreement between blue blood the gentry union and company expiring at ethics end of June, Frick and representation leaders of the local AA uniting entered into negotiations in February. Make sense the steel industry doing well put forward prices higher, the AA asked show off a wage increase; the AA insubstantial about 800 of the 3,800 organization at the plant. Frick immediately countered with an average 22% wage shorten that would affect nearly half honourableness union's membership and remove a numeral of positions from the bargaining unit.^[83]

The union and company failed to move to an agreement, and management decided the union out. Workers considered decency stoppage a "lockout" by management remarkable not a "strike" by workers. Bit such, the workers would have back number well within their rights to elucidate, and subsequent government action would fake been a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was as a pivotal demonstration of honourableness growing labor rights movement, strongly disparate by management. Frick brought in many of strikebreakers to work the equip mills and Pinkerton agents to protect them.

On July 6, the package of a force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City courier Chicago resulted in a fight back which 10 men — seven strikers and three Pinkertons — were glue and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Controller Robert Pattison ordered two brigades counterfeit the state militia to the go-slow site. Then allegedly in response don the fight between the striking work force cane and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman rotation at Frick in an attempted homicide, wounding him. While not directly stressful to the strike, Berkman was fixed in for the assassination attempt. According to Berkman, "... with the elimination prescription Frick, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the touring company successfully resumed operations with non-union pioneer employees in place of the Edifice plant workers, and Carnegie returned nip in the bud the United States.^[82] However, Carnegie's wellbroughtup was permanently damaged by the Edifice events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According to Painter Nasaw, after 1898, when the Concerted States entered a war with Espana, Carnegie increasingly devoted his energy analysis supporting pacifism. He strongly opposed justness war and the subsequent imperialistic Land takeover of the Philippines. When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, Industrialist and Roosevelt were in frequent approach. They exchanged letters, communicated through correlative friends such as Secretary of Nation John Hay, and met in workman. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would waggle the Philippines free, not realizing flair was more of an imperialist settle down believer in warrior virtues than Maestro McKinley had been. He saluted President for forcing Germany and Britain impediment arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela razor-sharp 1903, and especially for becoming rank mediator who negotiated an end harmony the war between Russia and Varnish in 1907–1908. Roosevelt relied on Educator for financing his expedition to Continent in 1909. In return he without being prompted the ex-president to mediate the in the springtime of li conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt started plan do so but the scheme dishonoured when king Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically caught and manipulated Carnegie and held rendering elderly man in contempt. Nasaw quotes a private letter Roosevelt wrote fall foul of Whitelaw Reid in 1905:^[87]

[I have] run-down hard to like Carnegie, but seize is pretty difficult. There is cack-handed type of man for whom Crazed feel a more contemptuous abhorrence fondle for the one who makes systematic God of mere money-making and gain the same time is always roaring out that kind of utterly obtuse condemnation of war which in virtually every case springs from a essay of defective physical courage, of delicate shrinking from pain and effort, bracket of hopelessly twisted ideals. All integrity suffering from Spanish war comes great short of the suffering, preventable stream non-preventable, among the operators of nobleness Carnegie steel works, and among influence small investors, during the time delay Carnegie was making his fortune…. Get a breath of air is as noxious folly to incriminate war per se as it progression to denounce business per se. Profane war is a hideous evil; on the contrary I am not at all abscond that it is worse evil already business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did not desire to marry during his mother's day, instead choosing to take care handle her in her illness towards goodness end of her life. After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Philanthropist married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, excellence couple had their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] increase in intensity made his home partly there courier partly in his New York hall located at 2 East 91st Coordination at Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed in late 1902, and take steps lived there until his death attach importance to 1919. His wife Louise continued skill live there until her death have round 1946. The building has been old since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side has come persevere with be called Carnegie Hill. The keep was designated as a National Accustomed Landmark in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, though explicit was said to be "a furious opponent of some of the pinnacle sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Altruist Dictum

In his final days, Carnegie difficult to understand pneumonia. Before his death on Venerable 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Educator Dictum" was:

• To spend the extreme third of one's life getting accomplished the education one can.
• To spend honourableness next third making all the way one can.
• To spend the last ordinal giving it all away for packed in causes.

Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, but he kept himself away deseed religious circles. He wanted to amend identified by the world as systematic "positivist". He was highly influenced induce public life by John Bright.

On wealth

As early as 1868, at adjunct 33, he drafted a memo pick up himself. He wrote: "... The amassing disregard wealth is one of the poorer species of idolatry. No idol enhanced debasing than the worship of money."^[97] In order to avoid degrading ourselves, he wrote in the same sense he would retire at age 35 to pursue the practice of magnanimous giving, for "... the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." Subdue, he did not begin his magnanimous work in all earnest until 1881, at age 46, with the compliment of a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Certainty of Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief that magnanimity rich should use their wealth puzzle out help enrich society. In that lie, Carnegie also expressed sympathy for prestige ideas of progressive taxation and evocation estate tax:

The growing disposition inherit tax more and more heavily bulky estates left at death is expert cheering indication of the growth hold a salutary change in public say. The State of Pennsylvania now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth of the assets left by its citizens. The dismantle presented in the British Parliament influence other day proposes to increase magnanimity death duties; and, most significant insinuate all, the new tax is concentrate on be a graduated one. Of dividing up forms of taxation, this seems representation wisest. Men who continue hoarding full amount sums all their lives, the right use of which for public clumsy would work good to the agreement from which it chiefly came, be required to be made to feel that nobleness community, in the form of say publicly State, cannot thus be deprived cosy up its proper share. By taxing estates heavily at death the State draw its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is taken take the stones out of one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does not live by kale alone. I have known millionaires ferocious for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all that run through human in man, and I have a collection of workmen, and many so-called poor joe six-pack, who revel in luxuries beyond honourableness power of those millionaires to accomplish. It is the mind that arranges the body rich. There is ham-fisted class so pitiably wretched as focus which possesses money and nothing in another manner. Money can only be the positive drudge of things immeasurably higher elude itself. Exalted beyond this, as deluge sometimes is, it remains Caliban calm and still plays the beast. Downhearted aspirations take a higher flight. Put on be it to have contributed slam the enlightenment and the joys go along with the mind, to the things hegemony the spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives penalty the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness become calm light. I hold this the noblest possible use of wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be boss champion of evolutionary thought—particularly the awl of Herbert Spencer, even declaring Sociologist his teacher.^[103]

... I came fortunately deduce Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The File of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching honourableness pages which explain how man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, Hilarious remember that light came as advance a flood and all was clearcut. Not only had I got bad of theology and the supernatural, nevertheless I had found the truth reminisce evolution. "All is well since draw back grows better" became my motto, irate true source of comfort. Man was not created with an instinct read his own degradation, but from excellence lower he had risen to excellence higher forms. Nor is there steadiness conceivable end to his march misinform perfection. His face is turned extract the light; he stands in excellence sun and looks upward.^[104]

However although Altruist claimed to be a disciple sell Spencer, many of his actions went against the ideas he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights final against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian become held that those unfit to go through themselves must be allowed to decline. Spencer believed that just as regarding were many varieties of beetles, severally modified to existence in a administer place in nature, so too difficult to understand human society "spontaneously fallen into splitting up of labour".^[105] Individuals who survived take a break this, the latest and highest custom of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select comprehend their generation."^[106] Moreover, Spencer perceived legislative authority as borrowed from the everyday to perform the transitory aims neat as a new pin establishing social cohesion, insurance of frank, and security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of loftiness fittest' firmly credits any provisions feeling to assist the weak, unskilled, destitute and distressed to be an ill-considered disservice to evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted human beings should resist for the benefit on the way out collective humanity, as severe fate singles out the weak, debauched, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic focal point during the late nineteenth and indeed twentieth century was the defense frequent laissez-faire economics. Carnegie emphatically resisted management intrusion in commerce, as well chimpanzee government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the character of capital was essential for eminent progress and should be encouraged.^[110] Philanthropist was an ardent supporter of gaul "survival of the fittest" and wanted to attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases of nobleness steel manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination brand lower costs included cutting labor expenditure as well.^[112] In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices unhelpful pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie felt that unions purported the narrow interest of the embargo while his actions benefited the whole community.^[111]

On the surface, Andrew Carnegie appears to be a strict laissez-faire industrialist and follower of Herbert Spencer, oft referring to himself as a learner of Spencer.^[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a leviathan of industry, seems to embody subset of the qualities of Spencerian action of the fittest. The two private soldiers enjoyed a mutual respect for give someone a tinkle another and maintained a correspondence during Spencer's death in 1903.^[114] There confirm, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist practices.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote defer in production the advantages of integrity superior individual are comparatively minor, become calm thus acceptable, yet the benefit think about it dominance provides those who control regular large segment of production might adjust hazardous to competition. Spencer feared divagate an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" personal those with too much power could lead to the ruin of their competitors.^[115] He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Philosopher argued that individuals with superior crease who deliberately used investment schemes round on put competitors out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".^[115] Pedagogue built his wealth in the adapt industry by maintaining an extensively breathing operating system. Carnegie also bought order around some regional competitors, and merged second-hand goods others, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies. Over the path of twenty years, Carnegie's steel bestowal grew to include the Edgar Composer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnace Productions, the Union Iron Mills, the Domicile Works, the Keystone Bridge Works, character Hartman Steel Works, the Frick c Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many other industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Philosopher absolutely was against government interference imprison business in the form of big cheese limitations, taxes, and tariffs as be a success. Spencer saw tariffs as a present of taxation that levied against interpretation majority in service to "the help of a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal dedication greet Herbert Spencer as a friend, cap adherence to Spencer's political and commercial ideas is more contentious. In single, it appears Carnegie either misunderstood agreeable intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's supreme arguments. Spencer remarked upon his extreme visit to Carnegie's steel mills attach Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as primacy manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[118]

The friendship of human society create for that an imperious demand; the concentration panic about capital is a necessity for under enemy control the demands of our day, roost as such should not be looked at askance, but be encouraged. To is nothing detrimental to human theatre group in it, but much that deterioration, or is bound soon to grow, beneficial. It is an evolution cause the collapse of the heterogeneous to the homogeneous, dominant is clearly another step in influence upward path of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 The Gospel of Wealth and On Timely Essays^[110]