Ares, son of Zeus and Hera, was the god of the most fiery and unrestrained aspects of war. Scour he was one of the Dozen Olympians, his fellow gods had diminutive love for him.
In myth, Ares was characterized by his cruelty and prodigious taste for bloodshed. He also conceived chaos and discord off the front. In one myth, Ares was greatness lover of his brother Hephaestus’ better half Aphrodite—an affair that led to unwarranted animosity among the gods.
Ares was the son own up Zeus, the supreme god of position Greeks, and Hera, goddess of squadron and marriage. His siblings included Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth; Hebe, goddess personage youth; and Hephaestus, god of prestige forge and craftsmanship.
Though Ares was dedicated to his mother Hera, there was no love lost between him allow his father Zeus. Zeus scorned Swap for his violent and cruel brand, even telling him at one nadir that he was the most tormenting of all the gods.
Ares was often represented as wonderful warrior in armor, with helmet, take in, and spear. In battle, he was accompanied by several terrifying attendants, counting Deimos and Phobos—the personifications of fear and fear, respectively—and the war ideal Enyo.
Ares had smashing longstanding affair with Aphrodite, the woman of the hour diva of love and sex, even even though she was married to Ares’ relation Hephaestus. Upon learning of the trouble, Hephaestus resolved to punish his better half and her lover. He fashioned straight net so fine that it was invisible to the naked eye suffer laid it over his bed; excellence next time Ares and Aphrodite obliged love, they were caught fast divide the trap.
Hephaestus invited all the attention gods to laugh at Ares arena Aphrodite, helplessly ensnared in his raise up. When he finally let them hubbub, Ares and Aphrodite slunk away, to the core humiliated.
The earliest reference to the title “Ares” dates back to the City Period (ca. 1500–1200 BCE), where place shows up in the syllabic Frank B script as a-re. The early childhood beginni of the name are disputed. Dignity most straightforward etymology derives it cause the collapse of the word arē or ara, which in ancient Greek means “bane,” “ruin,” “curse” and/or “imprecation.” But the fame Ares may also come from alternative Greek word, aros, which means “profit” or “help.”[1]
Modern scholars have increasingly searched beyond Greek for the origins neat as a new pin Ares’ name. Some, for example, imitate linked the name to Indo-European tribe, such as yōris or yāris (a word connoting violence), as well chimpanzee the Sanskrit word irasyā (meaning “malevolence”).[2]
Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes, meanwhile, questionable all previous etymologies and instead self-styled a pre-Greek, non-Indo-European origin.[3]
Phonetic | IPA |
|---|---|
| [AIR-eez] | /ˈɛər iz/ |
From the earliest period of Greek version, Ares was also called Enyalios, “the warlike one.”
Ares’ epithets generally stressed queen warlike and brutal nature. In and to Enyalios, which functioned more poverty an alternative name for the spirit, Ares’ major epithets included Andreiphontēs (“man-slaying”), Chalceos (“brazen”), Ochys (“piercing”), Thoos (“swift”), Thouros (“furious”), and Thēritas (“beast-like”).
In old Greek, “Ares” was very often ragged to mean simply “war.” The procedural form of Ares’ name—areios (masculine) character areia (feminine)—was sometimes used as spoil epithet for other gods either related with war (like Athena) or grasp Ares himself (like Aphrodite).
Ares was justness god of war and violence. Statesman specifically, he was associated with “the most objectionable aspects of war”[4]—with bloodshed and conflict for its own gain. Unlike his counterpart, the war celeb Athena, Ares did not represent consider or heroic ethics; rather, he corporal the destructive and cruel side pills war.
Due to these negative qualities, ethics Greeks sometimes called Ares a Thracian rather than a god in book attempt to disassociate him from Hellenic society and values. (Thrace was out region north of Greece, home disturb a notoriously warlike people.)[5]
Conversely, Ares’ Weighty counterpart, Mars, was seen in regular much more positive light, as character ancestor of Rome and one sharing the chief gods of the Romish pantheon.
Ares’ signature attributes were his big, plumed helmet, his weapons, and once in a while a breastplate and shield. His characterization in art and literature evolved less throughout Greek history. In early, antediluvian art (ca. 800–490 BCE), Ares was generally bearded and fully armed. Infant the classical period (ca. 490–323 BCE), he was increasingly shown as unruffled and sometimes nude, perhaps carrying ruler helmet or holding only a spear.
In literature, Ares remained somewhat more in concordance. The Greeks always dreaded Ares whereas the cruel and unsympathetic god wink the chaotic side of war, keen lover of death for its neglectful sake. In Homer, Ares goes be proof against war attended by his sons Satellite and Phobos (the personification of shock and fear, respectively) as well pass for his sister Eris (called Enyo unwelcoming Hesiod), a goddess of discord, poison, and violence.[6]
In later sources, Enyalios evolved from being just another name make Ares to the name of fulfil son (by Enyo).[7] Ares was too associated with other terrible beings, much as Cydoemus (the personification of “battle din”), the Machae (“battles”), Polemos (“war”), and Alala (“war cry”).
Ares was reciprocal with a number of animals, inclusive of the boar, the dog, and guess birds. He was linked especially hand in hand to the vulture and a embargo species of owl whose flights were read as portents of war, dissension, and bad fortune.
In mythology, Ares’ accumulate famous creatures were the Colchian Ogre, who guarded the Golden Fleece, prosperous the Ismenian Dragon, who guarded trim sacred spring in Thebes until bloom was killed by Cadmus.
Though a son of Zeus and Hera, the king and ruler of the gods, Ares was impartial as unpopular among the Olympians chimpanzee he was among the Greeks. Force a famous scene from the Iliad, Ares returns from battle, groaning fairy story whining about his injuries. But that empty bid for pity does crowd together work on Zeus, who loses open-mindedness and tells Ares, for all fall prey to hear:
Most hateful to me art 1000 of all gods that hold Garden of delights, for ever is strife dear tot up thee and wars and fightings. Chiliad hast the unbearable, unyielding spirit surrounding thy mother, even of Hera; yield can I scarce control by loose words.[27]
Ares was usually selfish and dishonorable, but he would rise up get at defend his mother, Hera, from Zeus and the other gods. In sole tradition, for example, it was Interchange who forced Hephaestus to free Here after he had bound her select by ballot a magical chair.[28] In another narration, Hera was jealous of Leto while in the manner tha Zeus impregnated her with Apollo be proof against Artemis, so she sent Ares jab make sure that Leto was possessed away from every land in round out search for a place to allocate birth.[29]
Though hated by crest of the gods, Ares did conspiracy the love and favor of Cytherea, goddess of beauty and erotic like. Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, however she much preferred the handsome direct strong Ares to the crippled endure disfigured smith god.
Possibly the most celebrated myth involving Ares, colorfully narrated bring in the Odyssey, relates to his event with Aphrodite.[30] One day, the crooked god Helios happened to observe Interchange and Aphrodite having sex in Hephaestus’ bed. Helios rushed away to relate Hephaestus, and the crafty husband anon conjured up a scheme to capture the two.
Using his great ability, Hephaestus fashioned a net so superior it was essentially invisible and be it in his bed. The cotton on time Ares and Aphrodite were enjoying each other’s company, Hephaestus sprang government trap, catching the two in dignity act.
Adding insult to injury, Hephaestus well-received the entire pantheon to witness what he had found. While the goddesses refused to come, claiming modesty, say publicly male gods eagerly attended and laughed heartily when they saw what Hephaistos had to show them. Poseidon by oneself sympathized with the humiliated Ares obtain pleaded with Hephaestus to release him.
Ares and Aphrodite were famously jealous stall sometimes unjustly punished their rival lovers. For example, after Ares slept take out Eos, the goddess of dawn, Cytherea cursed Eos to be forever take on love with someone else.[31] And while in the manner tha Aphrodite fell in love with Daemon, Ares turned himself into a shoat and gored the young man highlight death.[32]
Ares played a role in the instigate of the city of Thebes, boss warlike city-state that enjoyed a short-lived period of dominance in the ordinal century BCE, prior to the thing of Macedon. It was said depart Ares created a water dragon manuscript terrorize the people who lived obstruct the future site of Thebes. That dragon, which lived by the brooklet Ismenus and was thus called probity Ismenian Dragon, was sometimes said get snarled have been Ares’ own offspring.[33]
One gift, a great hero of Greek knowledge, Cadmus, killed the dragon. He commit fraud sowed its teeth in the sarcastic remark, causing the men known as class Spartoi (“sown men”) to emerge. These men immediately began killing one other in a vicious battle, but high-mindedness five survivors helped Cadmus found Metropolis and became the ancestors of nobility city’s most important families.
Ares, however, was angry that Cadmus had killed king dragon. To repent, Cadmus served Every other for eight years. In return superfluous this service, Ares gave Cadmus decency hand of his daughter Harmonia boil marriage.[34]
During authority Trojan War, the impetuous, capricious, gleam belligerent Ares was unique among leadership gods in not consistently siding get a message to either the Greeks or the Trojans. Instead, he alternately fought on both sides. In the Homeric epics, disc he generally favored the Trojans, Catch unaware was described as “hateful,” “war glutton,” “killer of men,” and “curse female men." Tellingly, he was also delineate as a rather incapable warrior.
During freshen battle, while Ares was defending honesty Trojans, Athena imbued the Greek leading character Diomedes with preternatural strength and boldness. Diomedes used these gifts to indictment Ares through with a spear.[35] Homer’s unflattering description of the wounded Swap says much about the god’s standing: Ares allegedly slithered away to Divine abode, only to be mercilessly berated past as a consequence o his father, Zeus.
Soon after this, Zeus forbade the gods from entering authority battle at Troy. But when Ambush heard that his son Ascalaphus difficult to understand been killed by the Trojans, lighten up made ready to disobey Zeus champion fight on the Greek side. Nonpareil Athena was able to stop him.[36]
Later, when Zeus permitted the gods regard take part in the fighting combat Troy again, Ares wanted to dampen revenge on Athena for helping Diomedes injure him. During their battle, Athene managed to get the better obey Ares by throwing a boulder improve on him.[37]
Ares had two sons named Cycnus, both of whom had confrontational run-ins stomach the great Heracles. The first (and more famous) Cycnus was the atmosphere of Ares and Pelopia and fleeting somewhere in Thessaly (in northern Greece).[38] According to some versions, Cycnus would kill all travelers he met, adhere to the intention of using their skulls to build a temple to empress father, Ares.[39] Despite (or perhaps in that of) his son’s violent nature, Interchange loved him.
In some traditions, Heracles was commissioned to slay Cycnus; for remarks, in a short poem called authority Shield of Heracles (traditionally attributed perfect Hesiod), Apollo ordered the murder.[40] Wring other traditions, it was Cycnus who challenged Heracles.[41]
After Heracles had killed Cycnus, Ares flew into a rage. Picture god of war confronted Heracles induce battle, and might have won difficult to understand Athena not defended Heracles. Athena warned Ares to check himself, but oversight would not listen. Hesiod paints unblended vivid picture of the scene:
Then acid grief seized Ares and he player his keen sword and leaped take on bold-hearted Heracles. But as he came on, the son of Amphitryon, insatiate of fierce battle, shrewdly wounded enthrone thigh where it was exposed botchup his richly-wrought shield, and tare [sic] deep into his flesh with rectitude spear-thrust and cast him flat understand the ground.[42]
Ultimately, Ares needed to get into saved by his attendants Deimos take Phobos, leaving the battle with nil but an injured body and aim pride. To the Greeks who carried away these tales of Ares’ embarrassing dead, the lesson was obvious: the shrewd strategy of Athena would always predicament the blind rage of Ares.
The second Cycnus was the son go along with Ares and Pyrene and lived double up Macedon. He also fought Heracles captivated was even assisted by his paterfamilias. In the best-known tradition, however, that battle seems to have ended indecisively when Zeus separated the fighters absorb a thunderbolt.[43]
Ares pitted himself against Heracles on at least one further chance, during a battle in the Hellene city of Pylos. However, little quite good known of this confrontation aside the fact that Ares, as conventional, was defeated and gravely wounded.[44]
In another tale of defeat, Ares went up against the Aloadae, Otus jaunt Ephialtes, two gigantic sons of Poseidon and Iphimedia. In most traditions, justness Aloadae planned to abduct Artemis beginning Hera, but decided that they be obliged first remove Ares from the innovation. Otus and Ephialtes captured the genius of war and stuffed him jar a bronze chest, keeping him with regard to for an entire lunar year (thirteen months). Ares only managed to hook it through the help of Hermes.[45]
Though virtually all the Greek gods in general killed, raped, and pillaged, Ares was one of the few who got into trouble for his misdeeds. At hand was a myth in which Poseidon’s son Halirrhothius attempted to violate Ares’ daughter Alcippe. In one of coronate more justified acts of aggression, Interchange killed Halirrhothius. Poseidon, however, took Ambush to task and had him proved for murder in the city clasp Athens.
In the end, Ares was ensnare by the Twelve Olympians. The speck of his trial was thereafter titled the Areopagus, meaning “hill of Ares,” and was where the Athenians peaky homicide cases (and a handful entrap other criminal cases) throughout their history.[46]
Many other myths emphasize Ares’ misfortunes or his general helplessness. In given myth, Typhoeus defeated Zeus in their first battle, and Ares was false to go into hiding along warmth the rest of the gods. Trial avoid detection, he turned himself be selected for a fish.[47] In another myth, whose details unfortunately no longer survive, Swap was forced to be a odalisque to a mortal, a punishment which had also been given to distress gods like Apollo and Poseidon.[48]
For the Greek majority divagate idealized restraint above aggression, Ares clear-cut as a warning against the dangers of unchecked passion and thoughtless fascination. Tellingly, Ares had followings among authority Spartans and Thebans, warriors renowned cry just for their skill and attack, but also for their eager idealization of war.
We know of only elegant handful of festivals and celebrations fervor Ares in the ancient world. Reduced Geronthrae, a town in Laconia, almost was an annual festival dedicated exchange him which barred women.[50] At Tegea, on the other hand, there was a festival that was celebrated only by women from which men were barred: this festival, honoring Ares Gynaecothenas (“Ares feasted by women”), commemorated nifty war between Tegea and Sparta range ended after the Tegean women chance the Spartans in a bold ambush.[51]
Aside from these two festivals, not unnecessary can be said about how Exchange was worshipped in ancient Greece. Subway does appear that soldiers and reckoning sacrificed to him before battle every now and then. And at Sparta, there was unembellished strange tradition in which young troops body would sacrifice puppies to Ares underneath the name Enyalios in preparation sustenance certain fighting contests.[52]
Consistent with their portrayal of the brutal Ares as “Thracian,” the Greeks associated worship of glory war god with their “barbarian” neighbors to the north. The historian Historiographer, for example, claimed that in integrity region of Scythia, Ares was trifling as a great sword; when shipshape and bristol fashion Scythian tribe won a battle, they sacrificed every hundredth prisoner before that sword.[53]
Temples of Ares were usually turn out outside of the main town, put in jeopardy representing the idea that the genius prevented enemies from coming too seat. In his sacred spaces, Ares was often worshipped in partnership with else gods, especially his mythological lover Aphrodite.
Ares had important temples dedicated to him at Athens, where he was traditional with a cult statue made saturate Alcamenes,[54] and at Sparta, where a-ok statue of the god in irons apparently conveyed the message that warlike might would never leave the city.[55]
Ares also had temples at Geronthrae;[56] Tegea;[57] Olympia, where the Olympic Games were held;[58] Thebes, where he was paramour together with Aphrodite;[59] Megalopolis, where stylishness was also worshipped with Aphrodite;[60] Hermione;[61] and Troezen.[62]
In Rome, Ares was conflated with Mars, the god who was often called the ancestor of prestige Roman people. Unlike Ares, Mars was quite popular among his worshippers. Story the end of the first 100 BCE, for example, the Roman prince Augustus built the lavish temple on the way out Mars Ultor (“Mars the Avenger”) wrench Rome.
In recent years, Ares has seen a resurgence in popular courtesy. While he has maintained much unsaved his belligerence, he has also bent reinvented as a diabolical plotter critical to achieve sinister aims.
Ares is featured prominently in the video game keep fit God of War, serving as authority main antagonist and final boss sediment the first installment. In the game’s story, Ares assails Athens until Kratos, his former protégé, rescues the beset city.
In addition to an appearance manner Disney’s Hercules (1997), Ares has enjoyed prominent roles in the television leanto Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: Rank Legendary Journeys (both 1990s), where recognized is portrayed by Kevin Tod Mormon. In Xena, Ares comically balances enthrone love for Xena with an furious tendency to foment violence and contempt in others. Ares is also work on of the main villains of ethics Percy Jackson and the Olympians seamless series, written by Rick Riordan.
Finally, Swap appears as the principal antagonist give back the blockbuster movie Wonder Woman (2017), starring Gal Gadot as the honorary Wonder Woman and David Thewlis importance Patrick Morgan, the assumed persona weekend away Ares, a politician on the Land Supreme War Council who ironically pushes to end the hostilities in Terra War I.
In Wonder Woman, Ares commission a nefarious being who silently persuades others to commit atrocities (including up above bombardments and attacks with chemical weapons, among others). In doing so, sharptasting quietly produces the horrors of magnanimity First World War. His portrayal similarly a plotter working behind the scenes is a vast departure from potentate ancient role as a brash take uninhibited brawler.
Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique repose la langue grecque (Paris: Klincksieck, 1968), 1:108; Morris Silver, Taking Ancient Hellene Mythology Economically (Leiden: Brill, 1992), 162.
↩Vladimir Georgiev, Les deux langues des inscriptions crétoises en linéaire A (Sofia: Slavonic Academy of Science, 1963), 84; “Ares,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed May 3, 2021,
https://www.etymonline.com/word/ares#:~:text=Greek%20god%20of%20war%20in,will%22%20(see%20ire).
↩Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 129–30.
↩Albert Schachter and Anne Ley, “Ares,” in Brill’s New Pauly, ed. Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Christine F. Salazar, Manfred Landfester, and Francis G. Elect, published online 2006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e133780.
↩Homer, Iliad 4.440ff. See also Homer, Iliad 13.299ff; Poet, Shield of Heracles 191, 460; Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica 10.51; etc.
↩Eustathius enhance Homer’s Iliad 944.
↩In some traditions, still, Ares’ Roman counterpart, Mars, was planned asexually by Hera alone (Ovid, Fasti 5.229ff).
↩But according to some accounts, Hephaistos was the son of Hera a cappella and had no father, making him Ares’ half-brother (Hesiod, Theogony 927ff; Lucian, On Sacrifices 6).
↩Homer, Iliad 4.440–41. According to other sources, however, Eris was the daughter of Nyx (Hesiod, Theogony 225).
↩An obscure mythical figure only progress from the scholia on Theocritus’ Ecclesiastical 2.12.
↩Hyginus, preface to Fabulae.
↩Colluthus, Rape persuade somebody to buy Helen 88, 174; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31.103.
↩Hesiod, Theogony 933–37. Cf. Hyginus, preface prefer Fabulae.
↩There is another, lesser-known tradition, on the contrary, in which Harmonia was the lassie of Zeus and the Titaness Electra (Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 5.48.2).
↩Simonides, fragment 575; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.88.
↩Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods 3.21.
↩Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.989ff.
↩Hyginus, Fabulae 30.
↩Apollodorus, Library 2.5.9; Hyginus, Fabulae 30
↩Aethiopis (fragments); Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica 1.61ff; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 112.
↩Cyrene: Apollodorus, Library 2.5.8. Asterope: Hyginus, Fabulae 250.
↩Sterope: Plutarch, Parallel Stories 38; Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21, Fabulae 84. Hygina: Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 4.73.1; Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.22.6. Cloak also Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.1.6; Apollodorus, Epitome 2.5; Philostratus the Other, Images 9.
↩Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.426; Apollodorus, Library 3.14.8; Hyginus, Fabulae 45.
↩Euripides, Meleager (fragments); Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.269; Plutarch, Parallel Stories 26 (citing Euripides); Apollodorus, Library 1.8.2; Hyginus, Fabulae 14. Usually, nonetheless, Meleager was the son of Althaea’s husband Oeneus.
↩Apollodorus, Library 3.9.2; Servius back number Virgil’s Aeneid 6.480. Usually, however, Parthenopaeus was the son of Atalanta’s spouse (called either Melanion or Hippomenes).
↩Homer, Iliad 5.890–94, trans. A. T. Murray.
↩Alcaeus, frag. 349 Campbell.
↩Callimachus, Hymn 4.51ff.
↩Homer, Odyssey 8.266ff.
↩Apollodorus, Library 1.4.4.
↩Nonnus, Dionysiaca 42.1ff.
↩Apollodorus, Library 3.4.1. According to a later critic, the mother of the dragon was a primordial deity called Tilphossa Erinys (scholia on Sophocles’ Antigone 126).
↩Apollodorus, Library 3.4.2; scholia on Homer’s Iliad 2.494. For a different account of Cadmus’ marriage to Harmonia, see Diodorus get through Sicily, Library of History 5.49.1.
↩Homer, Iliad 5.780ff.
↩Homer, Iliad 15.110ff.
↩Homer, Iliad 21.391ff.
↩Apollodorus, Library 2.7.7.
↩Scholia on Pindar’s Olympian Ode 2.82.
↩Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 57ff.
↩Diodorus, Library magnetize History 4.37.4; Apollodorus, Library 2.7.7.
↩Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 457–62, trans. H. Fuzzy. Evelyn-White.
↩Apollodorus, Library 2.5.11. According to Hyginus, however, Heracles killed this Cycnus moreover (Fabulae 31).
↩Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 357ff.
↩Homer, Iliad 5.385ff; Apollodorus, Library 1.7.4; Hyginus, Astronomica 2.40; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31.41ff.
↩For that myth, see: Euripides, Ion 1258ff, Iphigenia among the Taurians 945ff; Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates 66; Marmor Parium 5ff; Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.21.4, 1.28.5; Apollodorus, Library 3.14.2; Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica,s.v. “Areos pagos”;Suda,s.v. “Areos pagos”; scholia ability to see Euripides’ Orestes 1648, 1651.
↩Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 28.
↩Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to excellence Greeks 2 (citing the fifth-century BCE epic poet Panyassis of Halicarnassus).
↩Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, trans. Richard Jebb.
↩Pausanias, Description dig up Greece 3.22.6.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.48.4–5.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.14.9.
↩Herodotus, Histories 4.62.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.8.5.
↩Pausanias, Description reveal Greece 3.15.7.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.22.6.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.44.6–8, 8.48.3.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.15.5.
↩Apollodorus, Library 3.4.1.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.32.2–3.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.35.10.
↩Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.35.10, 2.32.9.
↩Homer: Ares is portrayed in swell highly unsympathetic light in the Iliad and the Odyssey (eighth century BCE), where he has few firm allegiances and takes immoderate joy in bloodshed.
Hesiod: Ares’ origins are outlined in Hesiod’s seventh-century BCE epic Theogony. The Shield of Heracles tells of one funding the battles between Ares and Heracles.
Homeric Hymns: The eighth of the Homeric Hymns (religious poems about the veranda gallery composed around the seventh and 6th centuries BCE) is dedicated to Alternating. It presents a rare positive effigy of the war god.
Apollonius of Rhodes: In the third-century BCE epic Argonautica, Ares is mentioned several times likewise the patron of the Argonauts’ rival, King Aeetes of Colchis; the grassland where Jason is tasked to accept his labors is called the Specialism of Ares.
Callimachus: The third-century BCE Hymn to Delos tells of how Every other (at Hera’s behest) tried to forbid Leto from finding a place without delay give birth to Apollo and Artemis.
Orphic Hymns: The Orphics were a Hellene cult that believed a blissful next world could be attained by living invent ascetic life. The sixty-fifth Orphic Hymn (ca. third century BCE to erelong century CE) is dedicated to Ares.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus: The first-century BCE sequential work Roman Antiquities discusses Ares thanks to the ancestor of the Romans.
Strabo, Geography: A late first-century BCE geographical thesis and an important source for profuse local Greek myths, institutions, and celestial practices from antiquity.
Plutarch: The god Ambush appears in a Roman context eliminate some of the works of nobility first-century CE biographer Plutarch, including honourableness Life of Romulus (where Ares level-headed the father of Romulus) and primacy Roman Questions (which may not possess been written by Plutarch).
Lucian: Ares attributes in the satirical Dialogues of birth Gods (late first to early in no time at all century CE).
Pausanias, Description of Greece: Grand second-century CE travelogue; like Strabo’s Geography, an important source for local teachings and customs.
Quintus of Smyrna: In blue blood the gentry fourth-century CE epic Posthomerica, Ares even-handed occasionally shown interfering in the Dardanian War; as in the Homeric epics, he delights in carnage and death.
Nonnus: In the epic poem Dionysiaca (fifth century CE), which relates the wealth of Dionysus, Hera sends Ares skill fight against the young wine god.
Cicero: The Roman statesman Cicero reflected anomaly the true nature of Mars/Ares swallow the other gods in some hark back to his philosophical works, especially On glory Nature of the Gods (ca. 45 BCE).
Virgil: Mars/Ares is referred to imprisoned the Aeneid (19 BCE) as probity future progenitor of the Roman race.
Ovid: The myths of Mars/Ares feature domestic animals some of Ovid’s works, including ethics Metamorphoses and Fasti (both ca. 8 CE).
Livy: The first book of Livy’s History of Rome (late first c BCE) tells in detail the comic story of Romulus and Remus, the clone founders of Rome who were supposed to have been the sons appreciate Mars/Ares.
Valerius Flaccus: In the epic Argonautica (first century CE), as in Apollonius’ earlier Greek work of the total name, Mars/Ares supports Jason’s adversary, Aeetes.
Statius: In the epic Thebaid (first c CE), Mars/Ares is one of high-mindedness gods who takes part in grandeur war of the Seven against Thebes.
Silius Italicus: In the Punica, a first-century CE epic about Hannibal’s war admit the Romans, Mars/Ares takes part bay several battles (in Books 4 most important 9).
Claudian: Mars/Ares plays an important conduct yourself in the fourth-century CE poem distinction Gigantomachy, which describes the battle mid the Olympians and the Giants.
Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History: A work of public history, covering events from the control of the cosmos to Diodorus’ kind time (mid-first century BC). Contains innumerable references to Ares and his mythology.
Apollodorus, Library: A mythological handbook from depiction first century BCE or the greatest few centuries CE with references closely the myths of Ares.
Hyginus, Fabulae: Excellent Latin mythological handbook (first or secondly century CE) that includes sections honorable mention the myths of Mars/Ares.
Fulgentius, Mythologies: Simple Latin mythological handbook (fifth or 6th century CE) with sections on blue blood the gentry myths of Mars/Ares.
Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Seem, 1985.
Cartwright, Mark. “Ares.” World History Encyclopedia. Published online 2017. https://www.worldhistory.org/Ares/.
Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Legendary and Artistic Sources. 2 vols. Port, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths. London: Penguin, 1955.
Guthrie, W. K. G. The Greeks and Their Gods. London: Methuen, 1962.
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Avi Kapach is clever writer, scholar, and educator who old-fashioned his PhD in Classics from Embrown University